1、Designation: C655M 12aStandard Specification forReinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, andSewer Pipe (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C655M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers rei
3、nforced concrete pipe de-signed for specific D-loads and intended to be used for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water andfor the construction of culverts.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specifi-cation C655.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful perf
4、ormance of thisproduct depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill, the care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications, and provision for adequate inspection at theconstruction site. This specification does not include requirements f
5、orbedding, backfill, the relationship between field load conditions and thestrength designation of pipe, or durability under unusual environmentalconditions. These requirements should be included in the project specifi-cation.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A36/A36M Specification for Carb
6、on Structural SteelA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformedand Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Steel Wire and WeldedWire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for
7、 ConcreteC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150 Specification for Portland CementC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or Tile MetricC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822
8、 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating t
9、o con-crete pipe, see Terminology C822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determinedin accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously inaccordance with Section 9, the owner may select and have
10、applied the basis of acceptance described in either 4.1.1 or4.1.2. Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or beforeplacing an order, either basis of acceptance shall be permitted.4.1.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and MaterialTests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDeter
11、mine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 10.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. Forguidance see Practice E105.4.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Concrete Compression andMaterials Tests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe forDefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6,
12、8, and11.4.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following informa-tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance.5.1.2 Pipe design st
13、rength.5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint details.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 onReinforced Sewer and Culvert Pipe.Current edition approved Sept
14、. 15, 2012. Published October 2012. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C655M 12. DOI:10.1520/C0655M-12A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
15、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.1.4 Design concrete strength; minimum f cequals 27.6MPa.5.1.5 Admixtures.5.1.6 Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type
16、of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecification, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerances, diameter, spacingand cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, andspecial reinforcement.5.1.7 Manufacturing and curing process.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 Rein
17、forced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, andwater, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cemen
18、t of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirement
19、sof Specification C618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of CementitiousMaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used inthe concrete shall b
20、e one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement and fly ash,(6) A combination of portland cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag,(7) A c
21、ombination of portland cement, ground granulatedblast furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementi-tious weight), or(8) Acombination of portland pozzolan cement and fly ash.6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the requir
22、e-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used unless prohibited by the owner.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall conform tothe requirements of Specification A1064/A1064M, or
23、barsconforming to Specification A36/A36M, Specification A615/A615M Grade 40 or 60, or Specification A706/A706M.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemix
24、ture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand design requirements of this specification.All concrete shallhave a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.1and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less
25、than 280kg/m3unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materialcontent demonstrate that the quality and performance of thepipe meet the requirements of this specification.6.2.2 Reinforcement:6.2.2.1 PlacementReinforcement shall be placed as indi-cated in 5.1.6.2, subject to the tolerances given i
26、n 8.2.2.Minimum design protective cover of concrete over the circum-ferential reinforcement in the barrel of the pipe shall be 25 mmfor wall thicknesses of 63 mm or greater, and 19 mm for wallthicknesses less than 63 mm, subject to the tolerances given in8.2.2.6.2.2.2 SplicesThe strength of the pipe
27、 shall not beadversely affected by the splice.6.2.2.3 SpacingThe spacing center-to-center of adjacentrings of circumferential reinforcement in a cage shall notexceed 100 mm for pipe with a wall thickness up to andincluding 100 mm and shall not exceed the wall thickness or150 mm, whichever is smaller
28、, for larger pipe.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the endsof the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha smooth interior free of appreciable irregularities in the flowline, all compatible with the perm
29、issible variations given inSection 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyesor holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for thepurpose of handling.6.3 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropyl-ene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturersoption,
30、 in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturingmaterial. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufac-tured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to therequirements of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Requirements7.1 StrengthThe design strength designation of the
31、 pipeshall be the D-load to produce the 0.3-mm crack when tested inaccordance with Test Methods C497M. The relationship ofultimate strength D-load to the design strength D-load shall bedetermined using a factor of 1.5 for design strength designa-tions up to 100 N/mmm of diameter, a factor varying in
32、 linearproportion from 1.5 to 1.25 for design strength designationsfrom 100 N/mmm through 150 N/mmm, and a factor of 1.25for design strength designations in excess of 150 N/mmm.NOTE 3As used in this specification, the 0.3-mm crack is a testcriterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing test and is
33、not intended asan indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions.NOTE 4Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition isdependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes andshall not necessarily have a relationship to the ultimate strength as defin
34、edunder three-edge bearing conditions.7.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shallfurnish without charge all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.C655M 12a27.3 Pipe Load TestsThe tests for crushing strength, whenrequired, shall
35、be made in accordance with Test MethodsC497M. When alternative methods of load testing arespecified, tests shall be made in accordance with the alternativerequirements.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in thestandard inside diameters listed in T
36、able 1.NOTE 5Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 and diameterslarger than 3600 mm are possibly available. When such sizes are required,the owner should contact the manufacturers in the area.8.2 Design TolerancesExcept as specified in this section,all permissible design tolerances shall be gi
37、ven in Section 5.8.2.1 Diameter TolerancesPermissible variations in theinternal diameter are as prescribed in Table 2.8.2.2 Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThe maximumvariation in the nominal position of the reinforcement shall be610 % of the wall thickness or 16 mm, whichever is greater.Pipe havi
38、ng variations in the position of the reinforcementexceeding those specified above shall be accepted if thethree-edge-bearing strength requirements obtained on a repre-sentative sample are met. In no case, however, shall the coverover the circumferential reinforcement be less than 16 mm.8.2.3 Length
39、of Two Opposite SidesVariations in thelaying length of two opposite sides of pipe shall not be morethan 6 mm for all sizes through 600 mm internal diameter, andnot more than 10 mm/m of internal diameter for all larger sizes,with a maximum of 16 mm in any pipe through 2100 mminternal diameter, and a
40、maximum of 19 mm for 2250 mminternal diameter or larger, except where beveled-end pipe forlaying on curves is specified by the owner.8.2.4 Length of PipeThe underrun in length of a section ofpipe shall not be more than 10 mm/m with a maximum of 13mm in any length of pipe.8.2.5 Wall Thickness Toleran
41、cesThe wall thickness shallbe not less than the nominal specified in the design given in5.1.3.1 by more than 5 % or 5 mm, whichever is greater.Awallthickness more than that required in the design is not a causefor rejection, except that such pipe shall not be used for thetests required in 7.3.9. Acc
42、eptance of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five repre-sentative specimens, or special test pipe that are shorter thanstandard production pipe, as agreed upon by the owner andmanufacturer, shall be tested to the 0.3-mm crack and toultimate strength and the results recorded. Compute
43、 the valuesin 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for both the 0.3-mm crack and the ultimatestrength.9.1.1 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s,byEq 1or Eq 2, which equations yield identical values.s 5 (Xi2 X!2#/n 2 1! (1)s 5 (Xi22(Xi!2/n#/n 2 1! (2)where:Xi= observed value of the load to produce the 0.3-mm crac
44、k(and the load to develop the ultimate strength),X= average (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi, andn = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs,by Eq 3.InEq 3, the value of the estimated standard deviation,s, shall be as calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or equal
45、 to 0.07L,whichever is greater.Xs5 L11.07 s (3)where:L = specification limit (specified D-load).9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmeticmean Xfor the 0.03-mm crack and ultimate strength is equal toor greater than the computed values of Xs, and if all the testedspecimens meet or ex
46、ceed the specification limit, or if all testspecimens meet or exceed the design strength.9.2 Alternative Acceptance MethodThe manufacturershall be allowed to request approval of designs based onempirical evaluations of the strength of the pipe including, butnot limited to, designs based on interpola
47、tion between designsapproved in accordance with 9.1, or designs evaluated on thebasis of tests other than the three-edge-bearing test method.Acceptance of design tests need not be performed for eachcontract or order.TABLE 1 Standard Designated Inside Diameter, mm300 600 900 1500 2100 2700 3300375 67
48、5 1050 1650 2250 2850 3450450 750 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600525 825 1350 1950 2550 3150TABLE 2 Permissible Variation in Internal DiameterDesignated Diameterof Pipe, mmPermissible Variation, InternalDiameter of PipeMinimum, mm Maximum, mm300 300 310375 375 390450 450 465525 525 545600 600 620675 675 69
49、5750 750 775825 825 850900 900 9251050 1050 10801200 1200 12301350 1350 13851500 1500 15401650 1650 16951800 1800 18501950 1950 20002100 2100 21552250 2250 23102400 2400 24652550 2550 26202700 2700 27702850 2850 29253000 3000 30803150 3150 32353300 3300 33903450 3450 35403600 3600 3695C655M 12a310. Acceptance of Pipe by Load Testing10.1 Lot SamplingWhen the acceptance is to be in accor-dance with 4.1.1, randomly select from the lot a sample of thesize listed in Table 3 and test each specimen to the designstrength. When al
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