1、Designation: C 675 91 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forAlkali Resistance of Ceramic Decorations on ReturnableBeverage Glass Containers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the alkaliresistance of ceramic labels (herea
3、fter referred to as ACL(Applied Color Label) on returnable beverage bottles (here-after referred to as ware) to ensure the necessary durability ofthe label.Anumber of states require the cleaning and sanitizingof this ware by washing in hot alkali solutions. Acceleratedtests are needed to ensure that
4、 the ACL will withstand theanticipated number of washings and still present an acceptableware identification and appearance.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr
5、o-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Summary of Method2.1 The time required for destruction ofACL on exposure toalkali solutions is roughly proportional to the label thickness.Athin coating of good alkali-resistant enamel wil
6、l fail in arelatively short time, while an extremely heavy coating of apoor alkali-resistant enamel will look reasonably good. Aqualitative procedure is described. Any plant or laboratoryusing this procedure should establish its own standards.2.1.1 This test method is a qualitative method and deter-
7、mines the time required for 90 % destruction of any ACLexposed to an alkali solution by visual inspection. This testmethod requires a minimum of skill and experience by theoperator.3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method provides a means for determining thedurability of decorated returnable glas
8、s beverage containerswhich may be a prerequisite in product specifications.4. Interferences4.1 Prepare fresh alkali solution for each set of ware and donot use the solution more than 24 h because of carbon dioxide(CO2) absorption and the inhibiting action of boron compoundsdissolved from the ACL.4.2
9、 Do not use borosilicate glass containers for test solu-tions.5. Apparatus5.1 Tank, steel or stainless steel, equipped with a thermo-statically controlled means of heating, and a solution levelcontrol, to prevent variations in solution concentration andtemperature. The tank should be equipped with a
10、 coarsescreenmesh shelf on which ware being tested is placed to avoidsludge build-up around the ware.5.2 Bottle Saw or Hot Wire CutterEither a hot wire or anabrasive wheel saw can be used to cut ware. If an abrasivewheel is used, the abrasive and glass sludge should be rinsedoff the ware to avoid ex
11、cessive depletion of the alkali solution.6. Reagents6.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests.Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shallconform to the specifications of the Committee on AnalyticalReagents of the American Chemical Society,2where suchspecifications
12、 are available. Other grades may be used, pro-vided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.6.2 Alkali SolutionPrepare the alkali solution by mixingthe following reagents:weight%Sodium hydroxide (NaOH
13、) 9.1Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO412H2O) 0.9Tap water 90.07. Test Specimens7.1 The test ware should be representative of the lot or runand should have good application and fire. Tests should be runon ware with bottoms removed. The bottoms can be easily1This test method is under the jurisdiction of AST
14、M Committee C14 on Glassand Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.10 onGlass Decoration.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C 675 91(2001).2Reagent Chemicals, American Chem
15、ical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. P
16、harmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.removed with a hot wire cutter or a water-cooled abrasivewheel cut-off saw. It is also convenient to simultaneously cut aring section
17、for fit determination from the same ware. If anabrasive saw is used, the glass and abrasive sludge should berinsed from the ware before testing.8. Procedure8.1 After the alkali solution has reached an equilibriumtemperature of 88 6 1C, place the test ware in the solution (onthe shelf) and allow it t
18、o remain for 2 h. The level of the alkalisolution should be such that approximately the lower half ofthe label will be immersed in the solution and the upper half isnot attacked, and can be used for comparison. At the end of the2-h period, remove the test ware, rinse in warm water, wipedry, and obse
19、rve for decoration removal. After recordingobservations of attack, put the ware back in the solution foranother 2-h period. Remove the ware again, rinse, dry, andrecord observations. Repeat this procedure at 2-h intervals untilthe decoration is 90 % removed.8.2 The end point of this test for 90 % de
20、struction is thepoint at which just enough label remains for bare identification.In the early part of the test it is difficult to be accurate in theamount removed. After approximately 50 % removal, it ismuch easier to make an accurate observation on percentdestruction, and the 90 % removal is a fair
21、ly accurate end pointfor the same observer or a different observer with a reasonableamount of training.8.3 The ACL must withstand at least three to four 2-h testperiods. This means that it must have a reasonable degree ofalkali resistance and be reasonably well applied and fired.Where possible, some
22、 standard ACL should be included in thetest to check the equipment, solution, and operator running thetest. Record results as hours to 90 % destruction.9. Precision and Bias9.1 No justifiable statements can be made regarding theprecision and bias of this test method for determining the alkaliresista
23、nce of ceramic decorations on glass since the test resultsare interpreted using a subjective grading system.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised t
24、hat determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapp
25、roved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you
26、feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 675 91 (2006)2
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