1、Designation: C 71 01aStandard Terminology Relating toRefractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 71; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicate
2、s the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related torefractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture,finished products, applications, and testing procedures
3、.1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology arequoted or published out of context, editorially insert thelimiting phrase “in refractories” after the dash following theterm to properly limit the field of application of the term anddefinition.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 24 Tes
4、t Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) ofFireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Materials2C 181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay andHigh-Alumina Plastic Refractories2C 401 Classification of Alumina and Alumina-SilicateCastable Refractories2C 416 Classification of Silica Refractory
5、Brick2C 456 Test Method for Hydration Resistance of BasicBricks and Shapes2C 492 Test Method for Hydration of Granular Dead-BurnedRefractory Dolomite2C 860 Practices for Determining and Measuring Consis-tency of Refractory Concretes2C 909 Practice for Dimensions of a Modular Series ofRefractory Bric
6、k and Shapes23. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology ensures that terms peculiar to refrac-tories are adequately defined so that other standards in whichsuch terms are used can be understood and interpreted prop-erly.3.2 This terminology is useful to those who are not conver-sant with the terms
7、related to refractories. However, it is also aready reference for those directly associated with refractoriesto resolve differences and ensure commonality of usage,particularly in the preparation of ASTM standards.3.3 Although this terminology is intended to promote uni-formity in the usage of terms
8、 related to refractories, it cannever be complete because new terms are constantly arising.The existence of this terminology does not preclude the use ormisuse of any term in another context.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:abrasion of refractories, nwearing away of refractorysurfaces by the scouring a
9、ction of moving solids.acid refractories, n see refractories, acid.alumina-chromia brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of a high-alumina raw material and chromic oxide(Cr2O3), with the alumina (Al2O3) content being 50 % orgreater by we
10、ight and with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) predomi-nating by weight among the other constituent oxides.angle of repose, nthe acute angle measured from thehorizontal to the slope of a cone-shaped pile of free-flowingmaterial.anthracite-coal-base carbon refractory, nsee carbon refrac-tory, anthracite-coal-ba
11、se.basic refractories, n see refractories, basic.bat, vto reject or discard a brick or shape.binder, na substance added to a granular material to give itworkability and green or dry strength.bloating of refractories, vsubstantial swelling produced bya heat treatment that causes the formation of a ve
12、sicularstructure.bond fireclay, nsee fireclay, plastic or bond.burn, vthe heat treatment to which refractory materials aresubjected in the firing process.burning (firing) of refractories, vthe final heat treatment ina kiln to which refractory brick and shapes are subjected inthe process of manufactu
13、re for the purpose of developingbond and other necessary physical and chemical properties.calcine, calcines, nrefractory material, often fireclay, thathas been heated to eliminate volatile constituents and toproduce desired physical changes.calcined refractory dolomite, nsee dolomite, calcined re-fr
14、actory.calcining of refractory materials, vthe heat treatment towhich raw refractory materials are subjected, preparatory tofurther processing or use, for the purpose of eliminating1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Su
15、bcommittee C08.92, The Joseph E.Kopanda Subcommittee for Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2001. Published January 2002. Originallypublished as C 71 27. Last previous edition C 71 01.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
16、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.volatile chemically combined constituents and producingvolume changes.carbon-ceramic refractory, na manufactured refractorycomprised of carbon (including graphite) and one or moreceramic materials such as fireclay and silicon carbide.
17、carbon refractory, na manufactured refractory comprisedsubstantially or entirely of carbon (including graphite).carbon refractory, anthracite-coal base, n a manufacturedrefractory comprised substantially of calcined anthracitecoal.carbon refractory, graphite-base, na manufactured refrac-tory compris
18、ed substantially of graphite.carbon refractory, metallurgical-coke-base, n a manufac-tured refractory comprised substantially of metallurgicalcoke.carbon refractory, petroleum-coke-base, n a manufac-tured refractory comprised substantially of calcined petro-leum coke.castable, na combination of refr
19、actory grain and a suitableamount of bonding agent that, after the addition of a properliquid, is generally poured into place to form a refractoryshape or structure which becomes rigid because of chemicalaction (see Classification C 401).2chemically bonded brick, n see unburned brick.chrome brick, n
20、a refractory brick, which may be burned orunburned, manufactured predominantly or entirely ofrefractory-grade chrome ore, and having a Cr2O3content of30 % or greater (see also chromic oxide brick).chrome-magnesia brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly
21、of a mix-ture of refractory-grade chrome ore and refractory-grademagnesia in which the refractory-grade chrome ore predomi-nates by weight; the refractory-grade magnesia may be eitherseawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia,or a combination of these materials.chrome ore, refractory-g
22、rade, na refractory ore consistingessentially of chrome-bearing spinel with only minoramounts of accessory minerals and having physical andchemical properties suitable for making refractory products.chromia-alumina brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantl
23、y of a mix-ture of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and a high-alumina rawmaterial, with the chromic oxide content being 50 % orgreater by weight and with alumina (Al2O3) predominatingby weight among the other constituent oxides.chromic oxide bricka refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufacture
24、d predominantly of chro-mic oxide (Cr2O3) and having a Cr2O3content of 90 % orgreater (may also be called chromia brick).concrete, refractory, na hardened castable.consistency, nthe degree of mobility of a refractory castableas determined by Practices C 860.corrosion of refractories, ndestruction of
25、 refractory sur-faces by the chemical action of external agencies.dead-burned, adjthe state of a basic refractory materialresulting from a heat treatment that yields a product resistantto atmospheric hydration or recombination with carbondioxide.dead-burned magnesite, n see magnesite, dead-burned.de
26、ad-burned refractory dolomite, nsee dolomite, dead-burned refractory.diaspore clay, na rock consisting essentially of diasporebonded by fireclay.direct bonded basic brick, na fired refractory in which thegrains are joined predominantly by a solid state diffusionmechanism.DISCUSSIONThe term “direct b
27、ond” was initially applied to firedmagnesia-chrome refractories.doloma-carbon refractory, na refractory brick manufac-tured predominantly from a mixture of refractory-gradedoloma and 2 to 20 weight percent carbonaceous materials,with resin, tar, pitch or a combination of these materials asthe bondin
28、g agent; the refractory-grade doloma may beeither dead-burned dolomite, synthetic doloma, fused do-loma or combinations of these materials, and the carbon-aceous material may be either graphite, carbon black, or acombination of these materials.doloma, fused, nrefractory-grade material consisting pre
29、-dominantly of lime and magnesia which has solidified froma fused or molten state.doloma-magnesia refractory, na refractory, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of refractory-grade doloma and refractory-grade mag-nesia in which the refractory-grade doloma predomi
30、nates byweight.doloma refractory, na refractory manufactured predomi-nantly of dead-burned dolomite, synthetic doloma, fuseddoloma or combinations of these materials.doloma, refractory-grade, na dead-burned or fused refrac-tory material consisting predominately of lime and magne-sia; the three princ
31、ipal types are dolomite, dead-burned;doloma, synthetic; and doloma, fused.doloma, synthetic, na refractory-grade doloma which hasbeen derived from blending magnesia and lime or dolomiteand dead-burning to form a dense, hydration-resistant mate-rial; and having a MgO content of 30 % to 80 % andmaximu
32、m CaO content of 70 %.dolomite, na carbonate rock consisting predominantly ofmagnesium carbonate (MgCo3) and calcium carbonate(CaCO3) in approximately an equal molecular ratio.dolomite, dead-burned, na refractory grade doloma whichis obtained by burning dolomite above 1450C long enoughto form a dens
33、e hydration-resistant material composedprimarily of lime and magnesia.erosion of refractories, nwearing away of refractory sur-faces by the washing action of moving liquids.firebrick, nany type of refractory brick specifically fireclaybrick.firebrick, insulating, na refractory brick characterized by
34、low thermal conductivity and low heat capacity.fireclay, nan earthy or stony mineral aggregate that has asthe essential constituent hydrous silicates of aluminum withor without free silica, plastic when sufficiently pulverizedand wetted, rigid when subsequently dried, and of suitablerefractoriness f
35、or use in commercial refractory products.C712fireclay, nodular, na rock containing aluminous or ferrugi-nous nodules, or both, bonded by fireclay.DISCUSSIONIn some districts such clays are called “burley” or“burley flint” clay.fireclay, plastic or bond, na fireclay of sufficient naturalplasticity to
36、 bond nonplastic materials.fireclay plastic refractory, na fireclay material temperedwith water and suitable for ramming into place to form amonolithic furnace lining that will attain satisfactory physi-cal properties when subjected to the heat of furnace opera-tion.flint fireclay, na hard or flint-
37、like fireclay occurring as anunstratified massive rock, practically devoid of naturalplasticity and showing a conchoidal fracture.fused grain refractory, na refractory made predominantlyfrom grain that has solidified from a fused or moltencondition.fused or fusion cast refractory, na solidified mate
38、rial madeby melting refractory ingredients and pouring it into molds(see also molten cast refractory).fused silica refractory, na product composed predomi-nantly of fused, noncrystalline silica.grain magnesite, nsee magnesite, grain.graphite-base carbon refractory, nsee carbon refractory,graphite-ba
39、se.grog, na granular material produced from calcined or burnedrefractories, usually alumina-silica.grog fireclay mortar, nraw fireclay mixed with calcinedfireclay, or with broken fireclay brick, or both, all ground tosuitable fineness.ground fireclay, nfireclay or a mixture of fireclays that havebee
40、n subjected to no treatment other than grinding orweathering, or both.ground fireclay mortar, na refractory mortar consisting offinely ground raw fireclay.ground refractory material, double-screened, na refrac-tory material that contains its original gradation of particlesizes resulting from crushin
41、g, grinding, or both, and fromwhich particles coarser and finer than two specified sizeshave been removed by screening.ground refractory material, single-screened, na refractorymaterial that contains its original gradation of particle sizesresulting from crushing, grinding, or both, and from whichpa
42、rticles coarser than a specified size have been removed byscreening.gunning, van application technique that uses a pneumaticmeans to transport a refractory material and place it onto acold or hot surface.gunning materials, refractory, nmixtures of refractoryaggregate and bond(s) specially prepared f
43、or gunning.hydration resistance, nthe degree to which a refractorymaterial resists chemical combination with water. Thisresistance is measured by either Test Method C 456 or TestMethod C 492, whichever is applicable.2insulating firebrick, n see firebrick, insulating.ladle brick, nbrick suitable for
44、lining ladles used to containmolten metal.magnesia brick, na refractory brick, which may be burnedor unburned, manufactured predominantly or entirely ofeither seawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fusedmagnesia, or combinations of these materials.magnesia-carbon brick, na refractory brick manufa
45、cturedpredominantly of a mixture of refractory-grade magnesiaand 5 to 30 weight percent carbonaceous material, withresin, tar, pitch, or a combination of these materials as thebonding agent; the refractory-grade magnesia may be eithersea-water magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magne-sia, or a c
46、ombination of these materials; and the carbon-aceous material may be either flake or vein graphite, carbonblack, or petroleum or metallurgical coke, or a combinationof these materials.magnesia-chrome brick, na refractory brick, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture
47、 of refractory-grade magnesia and refractory-gradechrome ore in which the refractory-grade magnesia predomi-nates by weight; the refractory-grade magnesia may be eitherseawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia,or a combination of these materials.magnesia-doloma refractory, na refracto
48、ry, which may beburned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-ture of refractory-grade magnesia and refractory-grade do-loma in which the refractory-grade magnesia predominatesby weight.magnesia, fused, na refractory material consisting predomi-nantly of crystalline magnesium oxide which h
49、as solidifiedfrom a fused or molten state.magnesia, refractory, na dead-burned refractory materialconsisting predominantly of crystalline magnesium oxide.magnesia, refractory-grade, na dead-burned or fused re-fractory material consisting predominantly of crystallinemagnesium oxide; the three principal types are magnesia,sea water; magnesite, dead-burned; and magnesia, fused.magnesia, sea water, na deadburned refractory-grade mag-nesia which has been derived from the treatment of sea wateror other brines.magn
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