1、Designation: C 746 90 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Specification forCorrugated Asbestos-Cement Sheets for Bulkheading1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the types, physical properties,and dimensions of bulkhead corrugated asbestos-cement shee
3、tsdesigned to provide sheet piling for erosion control alongfresh-water lake shores and inland waterways of fresh or saltwater.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values stated in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is h
4、azardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysotile asbestos, ref
5、er to “Safe Use ofChrysotile: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”21.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Sections 9-12 of this specification. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is
6、the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 208 Specification for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating BoardC 460 Terminology for Asbesto
7、s-Cement42.2 Federal Standard:5Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)2.3 Military Standard:5MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage2.4 BNQ Standard:6BNQ Standard 3807-098 Vulcanized Rubber-Hardness De-termination3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 flexural strength, nthe transv
8、erse breaking load innewtons per meter of width (lbf/ft of width) of saturated sheetswhen loaded on a span of 1.524 m (5 ft) with the load appliedequally and simultaneously at both one-third points of the span.3.1.2 Refer to Terminology C 460 for additional terminol-ogy.4. Classification4.1 The corr
9、ugated asbestos-cement sheets covered by thisspecification are classified on the basis of the bending momentcapacity of saturated units.Designation Bending Moment Capacity(Note 1) (Minimum)Type 1 1270 Nm/m of width (285 lbfft/ft of width)Type 2 2250 Nm/m of width (505 lbfft/ft of width)Type 3 3600 N
10、m/m of width (790 lbfft/ft of width)Type 10 4450 Nm/m of width (1000 lbfft/ft of width)Type 18 5800 Nm/m of width (1300 lbfft/ft of width)NOTE 1The bending moment capacity required for a given installa-tion depends upon many variables. Its determination is illustrated in thedesign manuals of the pro
11、ducing companies. The color coding for thevarious types of bulkhead corrugated is painted on one end of the sheet todesignate type: Type 1-brown, Type 2-green, Type 3-red, Type 10-gray,Type 18-yellow.75. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Corrugated asbestos-cement sheets for bulkheadingshall be composed
12、of a combination of asbestos fiber andportland cement, or portland blast furnace slag cement, and notmore than 1 weight % of organic fiber, with or without theaddition of curing agents, silica, water-repellent substances,mineral fillers, coatings, pigments, or mineral granules, formedunder pressure
13、and cured to meet the physical requirements ofthis specification.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved
14、May 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originallypublished in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 746 90(2003)1.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
15、 of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. Attn: NPODS.6Available from Bureau de Normalisation du Qebec. Depart
16、ment of Industryand Commerce, 50 Saint Joseph Street East, Qebec QC Canada G1K 3A5.7Design Manual for Asbestos-Cement Canal Bulkheads published by theMineral Fiber Products Bureau. Available from the Asbestos Institute, 1130Sherbrooke Street W, Suite 410, Montreal, QC Canada H3A 2M8.1Copyright ASTM
17、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Physical Properties6.1 StrengthThe corrugated bulkhead product shall con-form to the bending moment requirements of 4.1 when testedin accordance with the methods prescribed in Section 12 of thisstan
18、dard.6.2 Tolerances on the Nominal Dimensions:6.2.1 Length tolerance shall be 66.4 mm (14 in.).6.2.2 Width tolerance shall be 66.4 mm (14 in.).6.2.3 Thickness tolerance shall be 67.5%.6.3 PitchThe nominal pitch as designated by the manu-facturer is the distance between midpoints of adjacent crests o
19、fthe corrugated. The tolerance for pitches on a single sheet orbetween sheets shall be 67.5%.6.4 Corrugation DepthThe nominal depth of the corru-gated is the overall maximum thickness measured from thebase of the vale to the top of the crest. The tolerance for depthbetween sheets shall be 67.5%. For
20、 information on thedimensions or shapes, of products available to meet thisspecification, consult the manufacturers literature.7. Dimensional Measurements7.1 ThicknessMeasure the thickness of each specimen tothe nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) at the crest and vale by amicrometer having ball anvil and
21、ball spindle ends approxi-mately18 to14 in. (3 to 6 mm) in diameter, or an anvil andspindle, each with a 30 taper and a 0.4 mm (164-in.) flat at itsend. Place the anvil or spindle of the micrometer between theprojections on the back of the sheet so as to measure the flatplane surface. The thickness
22、shall be the average of at least fourmeasurements, two of which are on the crest (one at each end)and two of which are in the vale (one at each end).8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 WorkmanshipThe corrugated bulkheading surfaceshall be relatively smooth and free of defects that impairappear
23、ance or serviceability.8.2 ColorColor shall be the natural color of the asbestos-cement product, or as agreed upon between the purchaser andthe seller. Efflorescence that sometimes may appear is notconsidered to be a defect on natural color asbestos-cementsheets.TEST METHODS9. Sampling9.1 From each
24、shipment or fraction thereof representing aproduct of the same type, a number of sheets shall be selectedat random. Table 1 shows the number of sheets to be selectedfrom shipments of various sizes.10. Rejection and Retest10.1 If the sample fails to conform to the requirements ofthis specification, a
25、 second sample from the same lot shall beprepared and tested. The results of the retest shall be averagedwith the results of the original test to determine compliancewith this specification.10.2 Failure to conform to the requirements of this specifi-cation upon retest as prescribed in 10.1 shall con
26、stitute groundsfor rejection. The seller shall have the right to reinspect therejected shipment and resubmit the lot after removal of theportion of the shipment not conforming to the specifiedrequirements, provided this is done within 20 days after thereceipt of notice of the specific cause of rejec
27、tion.11. Specimen Preparation11.1 Immerse all specimens to be tested for strength char-acteristics in a tank containing clean water at 15.6 to 26.7C(60 to 80F) covering the uppermost crests by at least 25 mm(1 in.) of water. Remove after 24 h and conduct the tests within12 h after removal.11.2 Prior
28、 to testing, any specimen showing obvious visualdefects shall not be included for testing, and shall be replacedwith another specimen.12. Flexural Strength Test12.1 SignificanceThe flexural strength is used to ascertainultimate bending moment capacity for comparison with designspecifications. If sid
29、e lap occurs in the specific design, thisincreases the factor of safety.12.2 Size of SpecimensSpecimens shall be 1680 6 13 mm(66 612 in.) in length. Full width sheets are used for theflexural strength test. For sinusoidal corrugated shapes, threecomplete corrugations are adequate for the width. The
30、lengthshall be parallel to the corrugations. Cracked or otherwisedamaged specimens shall not be tested, but substitute speci-mens shall be provided.12.3 ApparatusThe apparatus shall be assembled asshown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 and shall conform to the detailedrequirements for component parts prescribed
31、 in 9.4.1 through9.4.5, or the equivalent.12.3.1 SupportsTwo steel rollers 50 mm (2 in.) in diam-eter of a length equal to or greater than the specimen width,with a plate as specified in 9.4.2 between each supporting rollerand the specimen. Supports shall not exert longitudinal con-straint.12.3.2 Be
32、aring CushionsUse rubber strips 19 mm (34 in.)thick by 40 mm (2 in.) wide with a hardness of 65 6 5DIDC(as determined by BNQ Method 3807-098) to cushion thesupports and loading bars (with the exception of sand box typeloading bars). Alternatively use wood fiberboard 13 mm (12in.) thick and 50 mm (2
33、in.) in width, meeting the requirementof Class A in Specification C 208.12.3.3 Edge Restraint BlocksSteel or other suitable ma-terial may be provided to remain in contact with each edge ofthe specimen at each support to prevent outward movement ofthe specimen. The blocks shall be of sufficient heigh
34、t to restrainTABLE 1 Sheet SelectionNumber of Sheetsin ShipmentNumber of Sheets to BeSelected at Random500 and under 3501 to 1000 51001 to 1728 61729 to 2744 72745 to 4096 84097 to 5832 95833 to 8000 10Additonal sheets may be tested at the discretion of the inspector.C 746 90 (2008)2the specimen edg
35、es, 25 mm (1 in.) thick, 50 mm (2 in.) inlength, and parallel to the span. The blocks shall be firmlyattached to the supports.12.3.4 Loading AssemblyThere are two types of loadingassemblies which may be used in performing this test, a barassembly and a sand-box assembly. The bar assembly isgenerally
36、 used for corrugated bulkhead with a pitch less than130 mm (5 in.). The sand-box assembly is recommended for allother shapes.12.3.4.1 Bar AssemblyTwo 50-mm (2 in.) diameter steelrollers linked by a yoke to permit equal and simultaneousloading at both one-third points of the span of a length equal to
37、or greater than the specimen width, with a wood fiberboardplate as specified in 9.4.2 between the loading roller and thespecimen. See Fig. 1.12.3.4.2 Sand-Box AssemblySand confined in an enclo-sure conforming to the profile of the specimen. The sides shallbe constructed of 40 mm (1.5 in.) lumber wit
38、h an outside widthof 130 mm (5 in.). The bottom of the box shall be closed bynailing a 3-mm (14-in.) flexible rubber sheet to the profilededge. The length of the fixture shall be equal to the specimenwidth and the height shall be such as to allow a minimum of 40mm (1.5 in.) over the crests of the sp
39、ecimen. The enclosureshall be placed on the midspan of the specimen, filled with drysand, carefully leveled and compacted, and a 50 by 50-mm (2by 2-in.) section of wood placed on top of the sand. The loadshall be applied through the 50 by 50-mm (2 by 2-in.) wooduniformly over the specimen width. See
40、 Fig. 2.12.4 Procedure:12.4.1 Place the specimen, exposed face down (exposedface is the smoother surface), on supports.12.4.2 LoadingUse third-point loading for transverse loadtests. Test the specimen as a simple beam (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2)ona 1524 6 6-mm (60 614 in.) span.12.4.3 Loading Device Accurac
41、yThe loading machinemay consist of any mechanically-driven or hand-powereddevice that meets the following requirements:12.4.3.1 It shall be substantially built and rigid enoughthroughout so that distribution of load to the specimen will notbe affected appreciably by deformation or yielding of any pa
42、rt,12.4.3.2 It shall provide for continuous application of loadat a uniform rate to have failure occur in one to two min, and12.4.3.3 It shall provide means for determination of loadwith an error not greater than 2 %.12.4.4 LoadRecord the breakload for each specimen, andinclude the weight of the san
43、d-box assembly, if used.12.4.5 Break PointThe failure point or break in thespecimen shall occur within the central third of the specimenbetween the loading bars. Any break occurring beyond theselimits indicates a defective specimen, and the equation in12.4.6 is not applicable. Such a specimen shall
44、not be includedin the results.12.4.6 Moment CapacityCalculate the resisting or bend-ing moment capacity of the specimen from the total transversebreaking load per metre (foot) of width as follows:M 5 PL/6 (1)where:M = bending moment in Nm/m of width (or lbfft/ft)P = breakload (including weight of sa
45、nd-box if used), N/m(or lbf/ft) of width at failureL = span, m (or ft)FIG. 1 Flexural Strength TestBar FixtureFIG. 2 Flexural Strength TestSand-Box FixtureC 746 90 (2008)313. Inspection and Certification13.1 Inspection and certification of the material shall be asagreed upon by the purchaser and sel
46、ler as part of the purchasecontract.14. Packaging and Shipping14.1 Commercial QuantitiesCorrugated asbestos-cementsheets for bulkheading are marketed per sheet, depending uponlength.14.2 Commercial PackagingSheets shall be so shipped asto ensure acceptance by common carrier. There is no standardpack
47、age. This material is usually shipped in bulk, but may becrated when so specified by the purchaser.14.3 StorageSheets shall be piled on supports that aresufficiently firm to keep the sheets level and spaced at intervalsto prevent bending.SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThe following supplementary requirem
48、ents shall apply when material is supplied under thisspecification for U.S. Government procurement.S1. PackagingS1.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract, the materialshall be packaged in accordance with the producers standardpractice which will be acceptable to the carrier at lowest rates.Con
49、tainers and packing shall comply with Uniform FreightClassification Rules8or National Motor Freight ClassificationRules.9Marking for shipment of such material shall be inaccordance with Fed. Std. No. 123 for civil agencies andMIL-STD-129 for military agencies.S2. Responsibility for InspectionS2.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, the producer is responsible for the testing of all materialto ensure compliance with the requirements specified herein.Excep
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