1、Designation:C823/C823M07 Designation: C823/C823M 12Standard Practice forExamination and Sampling of HardenedConcrete in Constructions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C823/C823M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope *1.1 This pra
3、ctice outlines procedures for visual examination and sampling of hardened concrete in constructions. Reference ismade to the examination and sampling of concrete in prefabricated building units, precast products, and laboratory specimens.1.2The1.2 The values stated in either inch-poundSI units or SI
4、inch-pound units shall are to be regarded separately as standard.Inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmustshall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-confo
5、rmance with thestandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior
6、to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Conc
7、rete SpecimensC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for ConcreteC457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened ConcreteC597 Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through ConcreteC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for
8、Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened ConcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot orProcessE141 Practice f
9、or Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Results of Probability Sampling3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 concrete constructions, nany object, unit, or structure that has been
10、built of hydraulic cement concrete.3.2.2 category of concrete, na specified level of quality in concrete that is observed to be in a definable range of conditionas a result of service or test exposure, as distinguished from concrete in the same or related constructions that is either of differingspe
11、cified quality or of the same specified quality but in observably different condition at the time of examination. It is also usedto refer to concrete having a certain attribute or attributes. (see the Sampling Plan Section).1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete a
12、nd Concrete Aggregates , and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 onPetrography.Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published August 2007. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C82300. DOI:10.1520/C0823_C0823M-07.Current edition approved April 1, 2
13、012. Published April 2012. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C82307. DOI:10.1520/C0823_C0823M-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume inf
14、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately
15、 depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
16、A 19428-2959, United States.4. Significance and Use4.1 The examination may provide a basis for laying out in situ testing of the concrete.4.2 The sampling can provide materials for petrographic examination, in accordance with Practice C856, chemical or physicalanalytical procedures, or any of a wide
17、 variety of destructive or nondestructive tests to determine physical, mechanical, orstructural properties of the concrete.4.3 The results of examination and sampling carried out in accordance with this practice may be used for a variety of purposesand to serve a variety of objectives, some of which
18、 are discussed in the Procedural Plan Section.5. Qualifications and Instruction of Personnel5.1 QualificationsThe examination, formulation of sampling plan, and the sampling procedures shall be performed by personsqualified by education and experience to carry out such work, to operate equipment emp
19、loyed, to record and interpret observations,and to report upon the sampling plan and its execution. Technicians and workmen may be required to assist in the operations butappropriate training and supervision are mandatory.5.2 Instruction of PersonnelThis practice may be used by personnel employed di
20、rectly by those for whom the examinationand sampling program are conducted. The employer should tell the personnel in as much detail as necessary, the purposes andobjectives of the examination, the kind of information sought, and the extent of examination and sampling desired. Pertinentbackground in
21、formation should be made available. If the person to perform the work is highly experienced, the employer shouldseek his or her advice in delineating the investigation. The nature, extent, and objectives of the examination and sampling planshould be recorded, and the record may appropriately include
22、 the items under Agreements with Consultants.5.3 Agreements with ConsultantsThis practice may be the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of aconsulting service and the consultant. The purchaser and consultant should jointly determine the nature, extent, and objectives ofthe exami
23、nation and sampling program to be made, and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulatespecific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, numbers and kinds of samples to be taken, level of reliabilityrequired for results of tests, portions of the constructions
24、 to be sampled, funds to be obligated, a time schedule for the investigation,or a combination of these and other conditions.EXAMINATION OF CONCRETE IN CONSTRUCTIONS6. Procedural Plan6.1 ObjectiveThe objective of the examination of concrete is to provide information that can be used to evaluate the c
25、onditionof the concrete and the constructions, and to corroborate observed satisfactory performance, or to document and explain distressor failure. The examination of concrete in service or under test should be undertaken in accordance with a scope, an objective, andsystematic procedures, all agreed
26、 upon between the responsible parties. The extent of the investigation and the procedures that aremost appropriate for the examination depend upon a decision as to the objectives of the investigation and the level of reliabilityrequired of resulting test data. This decision may stipulate an authoriz
27、ed budget and a time schedule for completion of variousstages of the investigation. The budget and time schedule can be modified following preliminary investigations and adjustedperiodically as information accumulates.6.2 PurposeInvestigations of the condition of concrete in service are usually unde
28、rtaken for the following reasons: (a)todetermine the ability of the concrete to perform satisfactorily under anticipated conditions of future service; (b) to identify theprocesses or materials causing distress or failure; (c) to discover conditions in the concrete that caused or contributed to satis
29、factoryperformance or to failure; (d) to establish methods for repair or replacement without hazard of recurrence of the distress; (e) todetermine conformance with construction specification requirements; (f) to develop data to aid in fixing financial and legalresponsibility for cases involving fail
30、ure or unsatisfactory service; and (g) to evaluate the performance of the components used inthe concrete. It is assumed that the manager of the investigation will begin with one or more working hypotheses, derived frominformation received or gathered, that are intended to explain the reasons for the
31、 condition or conditions of the concrete, and thatwill be continuously revised and refined as more information is received. It is intended that at the end of the investigation, anexplanation will have been produced which is the best obtainable from the investigation of the available evidence concern
32、ing themechanisms that operated to produce the condition or conditions of the constructions.6.3 Scope of InvestigationThe scope of an investigation of concrete in service may be limited to only isolated areas displayingdeterioration. Or the investigation may be concerned with general distress, such
33、as excessive deflection or collapse of structuralmembers. It may involve study of the dislocation of entire structures or large portions of structures. The investigation may beconfined chiefly to the study of the concrete, or it may require substantial research into other circumstances, such as foun
34、dationconditions, conditions of service, construction practices, and comparisons with other structures.7. Preliminary Investigations7.1 PurposeThe purpose of preliminary investigations is to establish the general condition of the concrete and the existenceof any unsatisfactory condition, to describe
35、 its nature, and to estimate its extent and possible effect upon the performance, servicelife, and safety of the structure. An investigation of failure or inadequate performance of concrete in constructions is predicatedupon a conclusion, usually by the owner or his representatives, that an unsatisf
36、actory condition exists or is imminent. Such aC823/C823M 122conclusion may be in error, either because the observed condition is insignificant, or because the full extent of the actual distressor inadequacy has not been detected.7.2 Test MethodsThe preliminary investigation may include, as appropria
37、te, visual inspection of the structure, review of plansand specifications for the work, and examination of available reports of project engineers and inspectors, compilation of availabledata on service conditions, petrographic examination in accordance with Practice C856, and testing of a few select
38、ed samples ofconcrete and secondary chemical deposits in or on the concrete or both. Deflection or expansion (or shrinkage) of typical portionsof the structure might appropriately be measured. The condition of the concrete in place can be estimated using nondestructivetesting procedures, such as imp
39、act devices and ultrasonic methods (see Test Method C597). Selected critical portions of structuresmay be probed and sampled by drilling (Method C42/C42M). The cores may be tested in accordance with Test Method C215.Borehole cameras and viewing devices have been found to be helpful in specific insta
40、nces (1, 2, 3).37.3 ConclusionsThe findings of the preliminary investigation may allay all concern with respect to the condition of theconcrete. In certain cases, the findings are adequate for a final conclusion on the significance of observed distress. Otherwise, careshould be taken to assure that
41、the preliminary investigation provides the information necessary to delineate a plan for the furtherinvestigations covered in Sections 8-14.8. Assembly of Records8.1 Reports and Legal DocumentsThe investigation of concrete performance should be preceded or accompanied by theassembly and critical rev
42、iew of records pertaining to the project specifications, construction contract, construction operations,concrete-making materials, weather conditions during and after construction, and the actual conditions of service. Such recordsshould establish the specified requirements for the materials and the
43、 completed work, and may reveal circumstances or conditionsthat caused or contributed to the distress of the concrete. Records of operation and maintenance may describe the beginning andprogress of unsatisfactory performance.8.2 InterviewsInterviews with contractors, engineers, inspectors, tradesmen
44、, and suppliers should be conducted to obtainpertinent information that is not included in the written record. Owners, occupants, and users of the constructions should be queriedconcerning the onset and progress of evident distress, especially with respect to possible relationship to any change of t
45、heconditions of use and service.9. Detailed Investigations of Concrete in Constructions9.1 ProceduresA detailed investigation of concrete in constructions should include all procedures that are required to achievethe approved scope and objectives within the authorized budget and time schedule. After
46、 the preliminary investigation to establishthe general condition of the concrete and the extent of any unsatisfactory performance, the detailed investigation may comprise:( a) thorough examination of the concrete constructions; (b) surveys and field tests to define and evaluate the condition of thec
47、oncrete in place and the safety of the constructions; and (c) taking samples to be examined and tested by laboratory procedures.9.2 Scope of Field ExaminationA detailed visual examination should be made by personnel familiar with concrete andconcrete constructions. This examination should locate and
48、 describe all of the categories of concrete. All affected constructions orportions thereof should be identified and the external aspects of failure should be described as quantitatively as possible. Theexamination may be extended to aggregate sources in accordance with the procedures described in Pr
49、actice C295. Photographs ofpertinent features of the constructions, their environs, and the manifestations of failure are valuable and should be obtained.9.3 ObservationsFeatures of the concrete to be noted especially include: (a) the nature and extent of cracking and fractures;(b) evidences of volume change, deflection, or dislocation of the constructions or portions thereof, which may include the closingor opening of joints, tilting, shearing, or misalignment of structural elements and shifting or misalignment of machinery; (c) thecondition of exposed surfaces, e
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