ASTM C859-2010b Standard Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials《与核材料相关的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: C859 10bStandard Terminology Relating toNuclear Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind

2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definitions,descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acro-nyms and symbols specifically associated wit

3、h standards underthe jurisdiction of Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Thisterminology may also be applicable to documents not under thejurisdiction of Committee C26, in which case this terminologymay be referenced in those documents.2. Terminologyabsorbed dose, D, L2T-2, nabsorbed dose is the me

4、anenergy imparted by ionizing radiation to a unit mass ofspecified material.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for absorbed dose is the gray (Gy), definedas 1 J/kg.abundance sensitivity, nin methods of chemical analysis,the ratio of the ion beam intensity of the major isotope, M,to the background current at the

5、adjacent mass positions.Abundance sensitivity 5ion current at mass Mion current at M 6 1(1)activity, A, T1, nthe measure of the rate of spontaneousnuclear transformations of a radioactive material. The SI unitfor activity is the becquerel (Bq), defined as one transfor-mation per second. The original

6、 unit for activity was thecurie (Ci), defined as 3.7 3 1010transformations per second.alpha radiation, nis the spontaneous emission of an alphaparticle, composed of two protons and two neutrons with apositive charge of plus two, during the nuclear transforma-tion process.DISCUSSIONAn alpha particle

7、is the same as a helium atom with noelectrons.alteration, nany change in the form, state, or properties ofmaterials.analyte, nin method of chemical analysis, a sample compo-nent whose presence and concentration is of interest.becquerel (Bq), T1, nthe SI unit of measure for activity,defined as one tr

8、ansformation per second.beta radiation, nan electron that was generated in theatomic nucleus during decay and has a negative charge ofone.canyon, nin the nuclear industry, a long, narrow, remotelyoperated, radiological facility.DISCUSSIONA large, heavily-shielded facility where nuclear mate-rial is

9、processed or stored.continuing calibration blank check solution (CCB)inmethods of chemical analysis, a standard solution that has noanalyte and is used to verify blank response and freedomfrom carryover.continuing calibration verification check solution(CCV)in methods of chemical analysis, a standar

10、d solu-tion (or set of solutions) used to verify freedom fromexcessive instrument drift; the concentration is to be near themidrange of a linear curve.crushed glass, nin a glass leach test, small particles of glassproduced by mechanically fracturing larger pieces of glass.curie (Ci), T1the original

11、unit of measure for activity,defined as 3.7 3 1010transformations per second.determination, nthe process of carrying out a series ofoperations specified in the test method whereby a singlevalue is obtained.dose equivalent, L2T-2, na measure of the biologicaleffects of radiation dose from all types o

12、f radiation expressedon a common scale.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for dose equivalent is the sievert (Sv),which is equal to 100 rem (specialized unit for human dose equivalent).Radiation dose equivalent is often expressed in terms of microsieverts(Sv) or millirem (mrem).dose rate, L2T3, na quantity of ab

13、sorbed dose received ina given unit of time.electro-mechanical manipulator (E/M), na remotely oper-ated lifting device used to handle heavy equipment in a hotcell.DISCUSSIONEach joint of the E/M is operated by an electric motoror electric actuator. The manipulator is usually mounted on a crane1This

14、terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.01 on Editorial andTerminology.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C8

15、59 10A. DOI:10.1520/C0859-10B.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.bridge, wall, pedestal, or ceiling. The E/M is operated using controlsfrom the uncontaminated side of the hot cell.gamma radiation, nhigh energy, short wav

16、elength electro-magnetic radiation which originates from the atomicnucleus.DISCUSSIONGamma radiation often accompanies particle emissionsassociated with radioactive decay. Gamma radiation has no electricalcharge.gray (Gy), L2T-2, na gray is the SI unit of absorbed dose(1 J/kg).high density concrete,

17、 na concrete having a density greaterthan 2400 kg per cubic meter (150 lb per cubic foot).initial calibration verification check solution (ICV)inmethods of chemical analysis, a standard solution (or a set ofstandard solutions) used to verify calibration standard levels;the concentration of analyte i

18、s to be near mid-range of thelinear curve that is made from a stock solution having adifferent manufacturer or manufacturer lot identification thanthe calibration standards.linear range check solution (LRS)in methods of chemicalanalysis, a solution containing known concentrations of theanalytes that

19、 is used to determine the upper limit of the linearrange.mass bias or fractionation, nin methods of chemicalanalysis, the deviation of the observed or measured isotoperatio from the true ratio as a function of the difference inmass between the two isotopes.master-slave manipulator (MSM), na device t

20、o remotelyhandle items, tools, or radioactive material in a hot cell.DISCUSSIONThe operator controls the master and the follower orslave replicates its movements to handle the material in the hot cell. Themechanical connection between the master and the follower is madewith metal tapes or cables. MS

21、Ms typically have lifting capacities of 9to 23 kg (20 to 50 lb).mockup, nin nuclear applications, a structure, utilities,components, and systems used to represent the physicalenvironment of a radiological facility in a non-radiologicalsetting.DISCUSSIONMockups are typically full scale representation

22、s used toassure proper clearances, accessibility, visibility, maintainability, per-formance, or operability of items to be subsequently installed in aradiological environment.moderator, nin the nuclear industry, a material whichefficiently slows neutrons without absorbing them.DISCUSSIONIn general,

23、materials containing large amounts of lowatomic weight materials, such as hydrogen, are highly moderating.Examples of moderators include water, graphite, oil, paraffin wax,organic solvents, and polyethylene or other polymers.neutron radiation, nthe emission of neutrons from theatomic nucleus.DISCUSS

24、IONNeutrons have an atomic mass slightly heavier than aproton, but have no electrical charge.on-peak spectral interference correction, nadjustmentsmade in observed net intensity of peak interest to compen-sate for error introduced by spectral interferences.quench standard curve, nin methods of radio

25、chemicalanalysis, a relationship between sample quench and detec-tion efficiency. A quench curve for an isotope in a givencocktail and vial combination is developed by counting aseries of standards containing the same activity of thatisotope, but each with different quench. Sample quench istypically

26、 quantified by variety of parameters.rad, L2T2, na unit of measure of radiation absorbed dose.See absorbed dose.radiation, nin the nuclear industry, the emission that occurswhen a nucleus undergoes radioactive decay.DISCUSSIONThe emitted radiation types may include alpha par-ticles, beta particles,

27、gamma rays, and neutrons.radiation shielding window, nan optically transparent as-sembly that provides a means for viewing into a hot cell orother shielded facility and shields the operator from radia-tion.radiation streaming, na term used to describe the phenom-enon in which beams of radiation esca

28、pe from an inad-equately shielded area.roentgen (R), M-1TI, na unit of measure for radiationexposure. It is equivalent to 2.58 3 10-4coulomb perkilogram of air.roentgen equivalent man (rem), M-1TI, na measure ofthe damaging effects of ionizing radiation to man. See doseequivalent.sequential flow inj

29、ection, nin methods of chemical analysis,an automated non-chromatographic flow analysis techniquefor concentrating the analytes and separating them fromsample components by reproducibly and sequentially ma-nipulating flow of sample and reagents through a column ofsorbent material.sievert (Sv), L2T-2

30、, nthe SI unit of measure for doseequivalent to humans.DISCUSSIONOne sievert equals 100 rem.source, nin the nuclear industry, radioactive material thatemits ionizing radiation.DISCUSSIONTesting or calibration typically uses a closed or sealedsource which has well-known properties.test result, nin me

31、thods of chemical analysis, the valueobtained for a given property from one test unit, which maybe a single observation or the combination of multipleobservations, as required by a specific test method.C859 10b2This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee a

32、nd must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting

33、of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo

34、x C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C859 10b3