1、Designation: C896 13C896 14Standard Terminology Relating toClay Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C896; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses i
2、ndicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2C301 Test Methods for Vitrified Clay PipeC700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength, Standard Strength, and Per
3、forated2. Terminologyapproving authoritythe individual official, board, department, or agency established and authorized by a state, county, city, orother political subdivision, created by law to administer and enforce specified requirements.backfillall the material used to fill the trench from bedd
4、ing to finished surface.backfill, finalmaterial used to fill the trench from initial backfill to finished surface.backfill, initialmaterial used to fill the trench from top of bedding to a designated height over the pipe.backfill, unconsolidatednon-compacted material in place in the trench.barrelthe
5、 cylindrical portion of a vitrified clay pipe exclusive of branches, spurs, joints, and handling rings or lugs.bearing strengththe non-destructive limit of pipe load, as determined by 3-edge bearing test method, used to determine fieldsupporting strength.beddingthe materials, their placement, consol
6、idation, and configuration, as designed to support, and to develop field supportingstrength of vitrified clay pipe.bellthe flared-end portion of a vitrified clay pipe or fitting, designed to function in the joining of other such pipe.beveled pipea pipe with an end angled to mate with a complimentary
7、 pipe end or adjust to another surface.blistera convex, raised area on the pipe surface indicating an internal separation.bodySee pipe body.chipa small piece of broken-off material, or the location where a small piece of the unit material has been broken off.clayan earthy or stony mineral aggregate
8、consisting essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, plastic when sufficientlypulverized and wetted, rigid when dry, and vitreous when fired to a sufficiently high temperature.closureSee compression pactionmechanical or hydraulic consolidation of backfill the foundation, bedding, initial backfill
9、 and final backfill toachieve pression couplingSee compression pression diska disk of compressible material placed between the ends of adjacent pipe for the purpose of distributing thejacking pression jointa joint designed so that a sealing action is obtained by compressing elastomeric components.1
10、This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 on Vitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.10 on Editorial.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013Sept. 1, 2014. Published December 2013September 2014. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition a
11、pproved in 20112013as C896 11.C896 13. DOI: 10.1520/C0896-13.10.1520/C0896-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
12、the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users
13、consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1conduita pipe for conveying flu
14、id.consolidationthe gradual reduction in volume of backfill matter to achieve stability.constant weightthe condition of a substance in which all volatile components have been vaporized, and repeated exposure toa specified temperature, for any period of time, causes no change in weight.controlled low
15、 strength material (CLSM)flowable low compressive strength cementitious material used in the pipe zone asa bedding material. Also referred to as controlled density fill, flowable fill, slurry, or lean concrete.crackan irregular separation with well-defined sharp edges visible on the surface of a pip
16、e.deadloadthe load imposed on pipe, that is determined by depth and width of the trench at top of pipe, as well as unit weightand character of backfill material.drainsa piping system used to collect and carry off surface and ground water.encasementspecial materials, their placement and configuration
17、 which are designed to fully surround the pipe, and develop afield supporting strength which exceeds that developed by other commonly used installation and bedding techniques.exfiltrationthe quality of water leaving the test section during a specified time period.faceto cover with a new surface.filt
18、er blocka cellular vitrified clay block unit, of proprietary configuration, designed to underbed the media in trickling filters.fire claya sedimentary clay of low-flux content.fittingproducts such as wyes, tees, elbows, adapters, etc. used in the installation of vitrified clay pipelines.floodinga me
19、ans of compacting trench backfill by the introduction of water by gravity.flue lininga manufactured tubular non-load bearing fired clay unit, normally used for conveying hot gases in chimneys.fracturethat portion of a vitrified clay pipe from which a fragment has been broken. It is distinguished by
20、well-defined fracturefaces and sharp edges where the fracture faces meet the surface of the pipe.glazea hard glassy fused coating.haunchthe areas bordered by the barrel outside diameter, the vertical tangents from the pipe springline and the horizontaltangents from the bottom of the pipe. See detail
21、:haunchingutilizing a shovel, spade, or other suitable tool to place and consolidate the bedding material in the haunch to (1)ensure the pipe will remain true to line and grade and (2) provide uniform circumferential support to the pipe, which is essentialfor the total load factor to be realized.hot
22、 facethe interior surface of a chimney that is exposed to the elevated temperatures of the flue gasses.C896 142inch-pound unitsthe units of length, area, volume, weight, and temperature in common use in the United States at the presenttime. These include, but are not limited to: (1) lengthfeet, inch
23、es, and fractional inches, (2) areasquare feet and squareinches, (3) volumecubic feet, cubic inches, gallons, and ounces, (4) weightpounds and ounces, and (5) temperaturedegrees Fahrenheit.industrial wastethe water-conveyed residues resulting from manufacturing or processing operations.infiltrationt
24、he quality of ground water entering the test section during a specified time period.initial backfilllocation for placement of selected material, native or import, extending from the top of the bedding material toan elevation 1 ft above top of pipe.jackinga method of installing pipe by the trenchless
25、 method using equipment and pipe designed for this purpose.jacking forcethe force applied to the pipe along the longitudinal axis of the pipeline by the pipe jacking equipment.jettinga means of compacting trench backfill by the introduction of water under pressure through a nozzle.jointan individual
26、 length of pipe, or the means of closure to form a pipeline.laminationa stratification of the material in the plane of the wall of a unit.leachateliquid drainage normally associated with contaminated soils and solid waste landfills.live loadthe portion of the load transmitted to pipe from wheel or t
27、read impacts.lotspecific group of clay products having characteristics of sufficient similarity that individual specimens selected from thatgroup may be considered representative of the whole group.microtunnelingtrenchless installation of pipe by jacking the pipe behind a remotely controlled, steera
28、ble, laser guided,microtunnel boring machine that provides continuous support to the excavated face under various geotechnical conditionsincluding the presence of groundwater.migrationthe movement of soil into adjacent material.mitered fittingsfittings manufactured by using beveled pipe segments.mit
29、ered pipeSee beveled pipe.nominal diameterreferences the internal diameter in name only to the nearest unit dimension.pimplea small solid bump or protrusion on the pipe surface.pipeSee vitrified clay pipe.pipe bodythe clay material or mixture of clay materials from which vitrified clay pipe is made.
30、pipe burstingprocess by which existing pipelines are broken by mechanical fracturing from either inside or outside with theremains being pushed into the surrounding soil while simultaneously inserting a new pipeline of equal or larger diameter.pipelinepipes joined to provide a conduit through which
31、fluids flow.puddlingsoil consolidation by agitating by means of poles, a mixture of soil and sufficient water to leave a puddle on the surface.reachthe section of a sewer between structures.sampleeach piece or group of pieces selected from a lot and used to determine whether the product complies wit
32、h thespecification criteria.samplingprocess of selecting samples from a lot for use in testing.sealing elementa separate or bonded material between the sleeve and the pipe that forms a seal.segmental testinga method of isolating and testing portions of an installed pipeline to determine the location
33、 of an air loss inexcess of the standard.segmented testinga method of testing vitrified clay pipe using segmented bearings as detailed in Test Method C301.selected materialfinely divided material free of debris, organic material, and large stones.sewagewaste matter carried off by sewers.sewergeneral
34、ly, an underground conduit usually carrying waste matter in a liquid medium.sewer lineSee sewer.C896 143sewer pipevitrified clay pipe as described in Specification C700.seweragesystem for collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage.shalea thinly stratified, consolidated, sedimentary clay with well
35、-marked cleavage parallel to the bedding.shovel slicingutilizing a shovel, spade, or other suitable tool to place and consolidate the bedding material in the haunch to (1)ensure the pipe will remain true to line and grade and (2) provide uniform circumferential support to the pipe, which is essentia
36、lfor the total load factor to be realized.slanta piece of vitrified clay pipe made so that one end has a plane of approximately 45 or 60 to its longitudinal axis. Theend may be made with a contoured surface to fit another pipe.sleevea coupling which contains or compresses the sealing element and mee
37、ts the requirements of the standard. The sleeve maybe affixed to one end of the pipe at the factory.sliplininga method of inserting new pipe into an existing pipeline.socketthe portion of a jointing system that is designed to accept a plain-end pipe or a spigot-end pipe.spadingsee shovel slicing.spe
38、cifying agencythe individual engineer, firm, or political subdivision charged with and having the responsibility for the designof a facility, product, equipment, or material requirements.specimensample, or portion thereof, which is to be tested and the test results to be reported.spigotthat portion
39、of a vitrified clay pipe that fits into the bell or socket of the preceding pipe.spring linethe line of maximum horizontal dimension of the transverse cross section.suitable materialsSuitable material is well-graded 34 to 14 in. (19 to 6mm) crushed stone, having a minimum of one fractureface, or oth
40、er angular, non-consolidating bedding materials not subject to migration.superimposed loadload imposed by travel over, or by material brought and placed over the trench area, after pipe installation.surface clayan unconsolidated, unstratified clay, occurring on the surface.test sectionthe portion of
41、 pipeline under test.test specimenspecimen, or portion thereof, which is to be tested and the test results reported, or which is to be prepared forfurther testing, and the test results reported.trench foundationThe area below the pipe and bedding which supports the pipe bedding structure.trickling f
42、iltera facility for the waste waters which utilizes a flow of liquid over fixed-media.unaided eyevisual inspection, without the use of special equipment or enhancement excepting the use of corrective lenses.vitrified clay pipea pipe made from various clays or combinations thereof which are shaped, d
43、ried, and fired to a point wherethe glass-forming components fuse to form a bond between the crystalline grains.wallsexterior vertical sides of vitrified clay filter block.websinterior supports separating channels of vitrified clay filter block.C896 144This standard is subject to revision at any tim
44、e by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will re
45、ceive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM In
46、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 145
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