1、Designation: C 898/C 898M 09Standard Guide forUse of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-AppliedElastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with SeparateWearing Course1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 898/C 898M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the use of a high solids content,cold liquid-a
3、pplied elastomeric waterproofing membrane thatmeets the criteria in Specification C 836, in a waterproofingsystem subject to hydrostatic pressure for building decks overoccupied space where the membrane is covered with a separateprotective wearing course.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or i
4、nch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purpo
5、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33
6、Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationC 717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsC 836 Specification for High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane for Usewith Separate Wearing CourseC 920 Speci
7、fication for Elastomeric Joint SealantsC 1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC 1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-antsC 1471 Guide for the Use of High Solids Content ColdLiquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane onVertical SurfacesC 1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and
8、 Other EffectsWhen Establishing Sealant Joint WidthD 1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSponge or Expanded Rubber,D 1751 Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Fillerfor Concrete Paving and Structural Construction (Nonex-truding and Resilient Bituminous Types)D 1752 Specification
9、 for Preformed Sponge Rubber Corkand Recycled PVC Expansion Joint Fillers for ConcretePaving and Structural ConstructionD 5295 Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces forAdhered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing SystemsD 5957 Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal WaterproofingInstallationsD 6134 Speci
10、fication for Vulcanized Rubber Sheets Used inWaterproofing SystemsD 6451 Guide for Application of Asphalt Based ProtectionBoardD 6506 Specification for Asphalt Based Protection Boardfor Below-Grade WaterproofingE 1907 Guide to Methods of Evaluating Moisture Condi-tions of Concrete Floors to Receive
11、Resilient Floor Cov-erings32.2 American Concrete Institute Standard:ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete for Build-ings43. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in the guide, refer toTerminology C 717.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cold-appliedcapable of be
12、ing applied without heat-ing as contrasted to hot-applied. Cold-applied products arefurnished in a liquid state, whereas hot-applied products arefurnished as solids that must be heated to liquefy them.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the
13、direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-proofing and Dampproofing Systems.Current edition approved June 15, 2009. Published July 2009. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C 898 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
14、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from ACI International, P.O
15、. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI4833-9094.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 curing timethe period between application and thetime when the material reaches its design physical properties.3.2.3 deflectionthe deviat
16、ion of a structural element fromits original shape or plane due to physical loading, temperaturegradients, or rotation of its supports.3.2.4 drainage boardsee prefabricated drainage compos-ite, the preferred term.3.2.5 drainage coursesee percolation layer and Fig. 1.3.2.6 flashinga generic term desc
17、ribing the transitionalarea between the waterproofing membrane and surfaces abovethe wearing surface of the building deck; a terminal closure orbarrier to prevent ingress of water into the system.3.2.7 freeze-thaw cyclethe freezing and subsequent thaw-ing of a material.3.2.8 percolation layer (drain
18、age course)a layer ofwashed gravel or of a manufactured drainage media that allowswater to filter through to the drain (see Fig. 1).3.2.9 prefabricated drainage compositeproprietary de-vices to facilitate drainage, usually a composite laminate ofmore than one material including filter fabric.3.2.10
19、structural slaba horizontal, supporting, cast-in-place, concrete building deck. See Fig. 1.3.2.11 troweled finisha concrete finish provided bysmoothing the surface with power driven or hand trowels orboth, after the float finishing operation. A troweled finish issmoother than the floated finish. For
20、 specifications, see ACI301.3.2.12 wearing surfacea surface exposed to traffic, eitherpedestrian or vehicular, also described as finish wearingsurface.3.2.13 wet-film thicknessthe thickness of a liquid coatingas it is applied.3.2.14 wet-film gagea gage for measuring the thickness ofa wet film.4. Sig
21、nificance and Use4.1 Designers and installers of waterproofing systems mayconsult this guide for a discussion of important elements of theuse of cold liquid-applied waterproofing membranes and asso-ciated elements of construction. This guide is not intended toserve as a specification for waterproofi
22、ng installation.4.2 Long-term performance of waterproofing with a sepa-rate wearing course is important because of the substantialdifficulty in determining the location of leakage and in remov-ing overlying materials to make repairs.4.3 Refer to Guide C 1471 for application on below gradewalls and v
23、ertical surfaces.5. General5.1 Major Components, Subsystems, and FeaturesThemajor components to be considered for a building deckwaterproofing system are the structural building deck orsubstrate to be waterproofed, waterproofing membrane, protec-tion of the membrane, drainage, insulation, and wearin
24、g course(see Fig. 1).Additional features to be considered are membraneterminal conditions and expansion joints.5.2 CompatibilityIt is essential that all components andcontiguous elements be compatible and coordinated to form atotally integrated waterproofing system.6. Substrate6.1 GeneralThe buildin
25、g deck or substrate referred to inthis guide is reinforced cast-in-place structural concrete. Pre-cast concrete slabs pose more technical problems than cast-in-place concrete, and the probability of lasting watertightness isgreatly diminished and difficult to achieve because of themultitude of joint
26、s which have the capability of movement andmust be treated accordingly. Moving joints are critical featuresof waterproofing systems and are more critical when sealed atthe membrane level than at a higher level with the use ofintegral concrete curbs. Such curbs are impractical with precastconcrete sl
27、abs and necessitate an even more impractical drainin each slab. Other disadvantages of precast concrete slabs aretheir inflexibility in achieving contoured slope to drains and thedifficulty of coordinating the placement of such drains.6.2 StrengthThe strength of concrete is a factor to beconsidered
28、with respect to the liquid-applied membrane insofaras it relates to finish, bond strength, and continuing integrity(absence of cracks and other defects that could affect theintegrity of the membrane after installation).6.3 Density and Moisture ContentDensity of concrete andmoisture content when cure
29、d are interrelated and can affectadhesion of the membrane to the substrate with an excessivelyhigh moisture content, moisture may condense at the mem-brane and concrete interface and cause membrane delamina-tion. This is particularly so if the top surface is cooler than theconcrete below. Lower mois
30、ture contents are achieved with theuse of hard, dense, stone aggregate. This type of coarseFIG. 1 Basic Components of Cold Liquid-Applied ElastomericMembrane Waterproofing System with Separate Wearing CourseC 898/C 898M 092aggregate will generally provide structural concrete with amoisture content f
31、rom 3 to 5 % when cured. Lightweightaggregate, such as expanded shale, will generally providelightweight structural concrete with a moisture content from 5to 20 % when cured. Lightweight insulating concrete madewith a weaker expanded aggregate, such as perlite, has arelatively low compressive streng
32、th and can contain over 20 %moisture when cured. The concrete used for the substrateshould have a minimum density of 1762 kg/m3(110 lb/ft3) andhave a maximum moisture content of 8 % when cured. Fromthis it can be seen that only certain lightweight aggregates canbe considered for use and no lightweig
33、ht insulating aggregatescan be used.6.4 Admixtures, Additives, and Cement/ConcreteModifiersAdmixtures, additives, and modifiers serve manyfunctions in mixing, forming, and curing concrete, such as toretard or accelerate the cure rate; reduce the water contentrequired; entrain air; increase strength;
34、 create or improve theability of the concrete to bond to existing, cured concrete;permit thin topping overlayers; and improve workability. Someadmixtures and modifiers (particularly polymeric, latex, orother organic chemical based materials) may coat the concreteparticles and reduce the ability of t
35、he waterproofing membraneto bond to the concrete. The membrane manufacturer should beconsulted if the concrete used for the deck will contain anyadmixtures, additives, or modifiers in order to determine thecompatibility of the membrane with the concrete.6.5 Underside Liner and CoatingThe underside o
36、f theconcrete deck should not have an impermeable barrier. A metalliner or coating that forms a vapor barrier on the underside cantrap moisture in the concrete and destroy or prevent theadhesive bond of the membrane to the upper surface of theconcrete. Uniformly spaced perforations in metal liners m
37、ayprovide a solution to the vapor barrier problem but as yet thereare no definitive data on the requirements for the size andspacing of the perforations. It should also be recognized thatthis method would preclude any painting of the metal linerafter the concrete is poured on it.6.6 Slope for Draina
38、geDrainage at the membrane level isimportant. When the waterproofing membrane is placed di-rectly on the concrete slab a monolithic concrete substrateslope of a minimum 2 % (14 in./ft) should be maintained. Slopeis best achieved with a monolithic structural slab and not witha separate concrete fill
39、layer. The fill presents the potential ofadditional cracks and provides a cleavage plane between the filland structural slab. This cleavage plane complicates the detec-tion of leakage in the event that water should penetrate themembrane at a crack in the fill and travel along the separationuntil rea
40、ching a crack in the structural slab.6.7 FinishThe structural slab should have a finish thatfacilitates proper application of the liquid-applied membrane.The surface should be of sufficiently rough texture to providea mechanical bond for the membrane but not so rough as topreclude achieving continui
41、ty of the membrane of the specifiedthickness across the surface. A typical manufacturers recom-mendation is a steel-troweled finish, followed by a fine hairbroom.6.7.1 Concrete surfaces shall be free of laitance, looseaggregate, sharp projections, grease, oil, dirt, curing com-pounds, or other conta
42、minants that could affect the completebonding of the liquid-applied membrane to the concretesurface. For preparation and acceptance of concrete surfaces,refer to Guide D 5295. Application shall not proceed until allprotrusions and projections through the structural slab are inplace, or sleeves place
43、d through the slab, and provision hasbeen made to secure their watertightness. Concrete surfacesshall be visibly dry and pass any additional dryness testsrecommended by the liquid-applied membrane manufacturerprior to application.6.8 CuringCuring of the structural slab is necessary toprovide a sound
44、 concrete surface and to obtain the quality ofconcrete required. The concrete should be cured a minimum of7 days and aged a minimum of 28 days including curing time,before application of the liquid-applied membrane. Curing isaccomplished chemically with moisture and should not beconstrued as drying.
45、6.8.1 Moist CuringMoist curing is achieved by keepingthe surfaces continuously wet by covering them with burlapsaturated with water and kept wet by spraying or hosing. Thecovering material should be placed to provide complete surfacecoverage with joints lapped a minimum of 75 mm (3 in.).6.8.2 Sheet
46、CuringSheet curing is accomplished with asheet vapor retarder that reduces the loss of water from theconcrete and moistens the surface of concrete by condensation,preventing the surface from drying while curing. Laps of sheetscovering the slab should not be less than 50 mm (2 in.) andshould be seale
47、d or weighted.6.8.3 Chemical CuringLiquid or chemical curing com-pounds should not be used unless approved by the manufac-turer of the liquid-applied membrane as the material mayinterfere with the bond of the membrane to the structural slab.6.9 DrynessComply with membrane manufacturers re-quirements
48、 for substrate dryness. For methods for testingmoisture content, refer to Guide E 1907.6.10 JointsJoints in a structural concrete slab in this guideare referred to as reinforced joints, nonreinforced joints, andexpansion joints.6.10.1 Reinforced JointsReinforced joints consist of hair-line cracks, c
49、old joints, construction joints, isolation joints, andcontrol joints held together with steel reinforcing bars or wirefabric. These are considered static joints with little or noanticipated movement because the slab reinforcement is con-tinuous across the joint.6.10.2 Nonreinforced JointsNonreinforced joints consistof butted construction joints and isolation joints not heldtogether with steel reinforcing bars or wire fabric. These jointsare generally considered by the designer of the structuralsystem as nonmoving or static joints. However, they sho
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