1、Designation: C898/C898M 09 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Guide forUse of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-AppliedElastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with SeparateWearing Course1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C898/C898M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、earof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the use of a high solids content
3、,cold liquid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membrane thatmeets the criteria in Specification C836/C836M, in a water-proofing system subject to hydrostatic pressure for buildingdecks over occupied space where the membrane is coveredwith a separate protective wearing course.1.2 The values stated in
4、 either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This st
5、andard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This i
6、nternational standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TB
7、T) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationC717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsC836/C836M Specification for High Solids Content, ColdLiquid-Applied Elastomeric Wa
8、terproofing Membrane forUse with Separate Wearing CourseC920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint SealantsC1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-ants (Withdrawn 2012)3C1471/C1471M Guide for the Use of High Solids ContentCold Liquid-Applied Elastom
9、eric Waterproofing Mem-brane on Vertical SurfacesC1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other EffectsWhen Establishing Sealant Joint WidthD1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSponge or Expanded RubberD1751 Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Fillerfor Concrete Paving and Stru
10、ctural Construction (Nonex-truding and Resilient Bituminous Types)D1752 Specification for Preformed Sponge Rubber Corkand Recycled PVC Expansion Joint Fillers for ConcretePaving and Structural ConstructionD5295 Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Ad-hered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing S
11、ystemsD5957 Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal WaterproofingInstallationsD6134 Specification for Vulcanized Rubber Sheets Used inWaterproofing SystemsD6451/D6451M Guide for Application of Asphalt BasedProtection BoardD6506 Specification for Asphalt Based Protection Board forBelow-Grade Waterproofing
12、E1907 Guide to Methods of Evaluating Moisture Conditionsof Concrete Floors to Receive Resilient Floor Coverings(Withdrawn 2008)32.2 American Concrete Institute Standard:ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete for Build-ings41This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofin
13、g andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-proofing and Dampproofing Systems.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C898/C898M 09.DOI: 10.1520/C0898_C0898M-09R17.2F
14、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is refer
15、enced onwww.astm.org.4Available from ACI International, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI4833-9094.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognize
16、d principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in the guide, refer
17、toTerminology C717.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cold-appliedcapable of being applied without heat-ing as contrasted to hot-applied. Cold-applied products arefurnished in a liquid state, whereas hot-applied products arefurnished as solids that must be heated to liquefy the
18、m.3.2.2 curing timethe period between application and thetime when the material reaches its design physical properties.3.2.3 deflectionthe deviation of a structural element fromits original shape or plane due to physical loading, temperaturegradients, or rotation of its supports.3.2.4 drainage board
19、see prefabricated drainagecomposite, the preferred term.3.2.5 drainage coursesee percolation layer and Fig. 1.3.2.6 flashinga generic term describing the transitionalarea between the waterproofing membrane and surfaces abovethe wearing surface of the building deck; a terminal closure orbarrier to pr
20、event ingress of water into the system.3.2.7 freeze-thaw cyclethe freezing and subsequent thaw-ing of a material.3.2.8 percolation layer (drainage course)a layer ofwashed gravel or of a manufactured drainage media that allowswater to filter through to the drain (see Fig. 1).3.2.9 prefabricated drain
21、age compositeproprietary de-vices to facilitate drainage, usually a composite laminate ofmore than one material including filter fabric.3.2.10 structural slaba horizontal, supporting, cast-in-place, concrete building deck. See Fig. 1.3.2.11 troweled finisha concrete finish provided bysmoothing the s
22、urface with power driven or hand trowels orboth, after the float finishing operation. A troweled finish issmoother than the floated finish. For specifications, see ACI301.3.2.12 wearing surfacea surface exposed to traffic, eitherpedestrian or vehicular, also described as finish wearingsurface.3.2.13
23、 wet-film thicknessthe thickness of a liquid coatingas it is applied.3.2.14 wet-film gagea gage for measuring the thickness ofa wet film.4. Significance and Use4.1 Designers and installers of waterproofing systems mayconsult this guide for a discussion of important elements of theuse of cold liquid-
24、applied waterproofing membranes and asso-ciated elements of construction. This guide is not intended toserve as a specification for waterproofing installation.4.2 Long-term performance of waterproofing with a sepa-rate wearing course is important because of the substantialdifficulty in determining t
25、he location of leakage and in remov-ing overlying materials to make repairs.4.3 Refer to Guide C1471/C1471M for application onbelow grade walls and vertical surfaces.5. General5.1 Major Components, Subsystems, and FeaturesThemajor components to be considered for a building deckwaterproofing system a
26、re the structural building deck orsubstrate to be waterproofed, waterproofing membrane, protec-tion of the membrane, drainage, insulation, and wearing course(see Fig. 1).Additional features to be considered are membraneterminal conditions and expansion joints.5.2 CompatibilityIt is essential that al
27、l components andcontiguous elements be compatible and coordinated to form atotally integrated waterproofing system.6. Substrate6.1 GeneralThe building deck or substrate referred to inthis guide is reinforced cast-in-place structural concrete. Pre-cast concrete slabs pose more technical problems than
28、 cast-in-place concrete, and the probability of lasting watertightness isgreatly diminished and difficult to achieve because of themultitude of joints which have the capability of movement andmust be treated accordingly. Moving joints are critical featuresof waterproofing systems and are more critic
29、al when sealed atthe membrane level than at a higher level with the use ofintegral concrete curbs. Such curbs are impractical with precastconcrete slabs and necessitate an even more impractical drainin each slab. Other disadvantages of precast concrete slabs aretheir inflexibility in achieving conto
30、ured slope to drains and thedifficulty of coordinating the placement of such drains.FIG. 1 Basic Components of Cold Liquid-Applied ElastomericMembrane Waterproofing System with Separate Wearing CourseC898/C898M 09 (2017)26.2 StrengthThe strength of concrete is a factor to beconsidered with respect t
31、o the liquid-applied membrane insofaras it relates to finish, bond strength, and continuing integrity(absence of cracks and other defects that could affect theintegrity of the membrane after installation).6.3 Density and Moisture ContentDensity of concrete andmoisture content when cured are interrel
32、ated and can affectadhesion of the membrane to the substrate with an excessivelyhigh moisture content, moisture may condense at the mem-brane and concrete interface and cause membrane delamina-tion. This is particularly so if the top surface is cooler than theconcrete below. Lower moisture contents
33、are achieved with theuse of hard, dense, stone aggregate. This type of coarseaggregate will generally provide structural concrete with amoisture content from 3 to 5 % when cured. Lightweightaggregate, such as expanded shale, will generally providelightweight structural concrete with a moisture conte
34、nt from 5to 20 % when cured. Lightweight insulating concrete madewith a weaker expanded aggregate, such as perlite, has arelatively low compressive strength and can contain over 20 %moisture when cured. The concrete used for the substrateshould have a minimum density of 1762 kg/m3110 lb/ft3 andhave
35、a maximum moisture content of 8 % when cured. Fromthis it can be seen that only certain lightweight aggregates canbe considered for use and no lightweight insulating aggregatescan be used.6.4 Admixtures, Additives, and Cement/Concrete ModifiersAdmixtures, additives, and modifiers serve many function
36、sin mixing, forming, and curing concrete, such as to retard oraccelerate the cure rate; reduce the water content required;entrain air; increase strength; create or improve the ability ofthe concrete to bond to existing, cured concrete; permit thintopping overlayers; and improve workability. Some adm
37、ixturesand modifiers (particularly polymeric, latex, or other organicchemical based materials) may coat the concrete particles andreduce the ability of the waterproofing membrane to bond tothe concrete. The membrane manufacturer should be consultedif the concrete used for the deck will contain any a
38、dmixtures,additives, or modifiers in order to determine the compatibilityof the membrane with the concrete.6.5 Underside Liner and CoatingThe underside of theconcrete deck should not have an impermeable barrier. A metalliner or coating that forms a vapor barrier on the underside cantrap moisture in
39、the concrete and destroy or prevent theadhesive bond of the membrane to the upper surface of theconcrete. Uniformly spaced perforations in metal liners mayprovide a solution to the vapor barrier problem but as yet thereare no definitive data on the requirements for the size andspacing of the perfora
40、tions. It should also be recognized thatthis method would preclude any painting of the metal linerafter the concrete is poured on it.6.6 Slope for DrainageDrainage at the membrane level isimportant. When the waterproofing membrane is placed di-rectly on the concrete slab a monolithic concrete substr
41、ateslope of a minimum 2 % 14 in./ft should be maintained. Slopeis best achieved with a monolithic structural slab and not witha separate concrete fill layer. The fill presents the potential ofadditional cracks and provides a cleavage plane between the filland structural slab. This cleavage plane com
42、plicates the detec-tion of leakage in the event that water should penetrate themembrane at a crack in the fill and travel along the separationuntil reaching a crack in the structural slab.6.7 FinishThe structural slab should have a finish thatfacilitates proper application of the liquid-applied memb
43、rane.The surface should be of sufficiently rough texture to providea mechanical bond for the membrane but not so rough as topreclude achieving continuity of the membrane of the specifiedthickness across the surface. A typical manufacturers recom-mendation is a steel-troweled finish, followed by a fi
44、ne hairbroom.6.7.1 Concrete surfaces shall be free of laitance, looseaggregate, sharp projections, grease, oil, dirt, curingcompounds, or other contaminants that could affect the com-plete bonding of the liquid-applied membrane to the concretesurface. For preparation and acceptance of concrete surfa
45、ces,refer to Guide D5295. Application shall not proceed until allprotrusions and projections through the structural slab are inplace, or sleeves placed through the slab, and provision hasbeen made to secure their watertightness. Concrete surfacesshall be visibly dry and pass any additional dryness t
46、estsrecommended by the liquid-applied membrane manufacturerprior to application.6.8 CuringCuring of the structural slab is necessary toprovide a sound concrete surface and to obtain the quality ofconcrete required. The concrete should be cured a minimum of7 days and aged a minimum of 28 days includi
47、ng curing time,before application of the liquid-applied membrane. Curing isaccomplished chemically with moisture and should not beconstrued as drying.6.8.1 Moist CuringMoist curing is achieved by keepingthe surfaces continuously wet by covering them with burlapsaturated with water and kept wet by sp
48、raying or hosing. Thecovering material should be placed to provide complete surfacecoverage with joints lapped a minimum of 75 mm 3 in.6.8.2 Sheet CuringSheet curing is accomplished with asheet vapor retarder that reduces the loss of water from theconcrete and moistens the surface of concrete by con
49、densation,preventing the surface from drying while curing. Laps of sheetscovering the slab should not be less than 50 mm 2 in. andshould be sealed or weighted.6.8.3 Chemical CuringLiquid or chemical curing com-pounds should not be used unless approved by the manufac-turer of the liquid-applied membrane as the material mayinterfere with the bond of the membrane to the structural slab.6.9 DrynessComply with membrane manufacturers re-quirements for substrate dryness. For methods for testingmoisture content, refer to Guide E1907.6.10 JointsJoint
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