1、Designation: C 92 95 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Methods forSieve Analysis and Water Content of Refractory Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 92; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover a wet an
3、d a dry method forsieve analysis of refractory materials.1.1.1 Wet Sieve AnalysisWater promotes the slaking ofclays and helps to separate fine particles, washing them fromthe larger grains. This method is recommended for use withmaterials that require water addition, and that slake in normalindustri
4、al use.1.1.2 Dry Sieve AnalysisThe dry method is not as effec-tive as the wet method in determining the amount of materialpresent in the smaller particle sizes. It is recommended (1) forclays, when the slaking action of water is undesirable, (2) whenthe material is in the form of coarsely ground gro
5、g and calcine,and (3) when the clay is to be used in such a way that theultimate particle size is of secondary importance.1.2 These test methods also cover determination of thewater content of refractory materials in the wet condition andof air-dried samples as received, so that the sieve analysis c
6、anbe calculated on the dry basis. Included is a method forobtaining the water content of other refractory materials, suchas plastic refractories and wet mixes.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI un
7、its that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine
8、 the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 429 Test Method for SieveAnalysis of Raw Materials forGlass ManufactureE11 Specification for Wire-Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of MaterialsE 122 Prac
9、tice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for Charac-teristic of a Lot or Process2.2 Other Document:ASTM STP 447 Manual on Test Sieving Methods33. Significance and Use3.1 Particle size distribution has a major affect upon most ofthe refractory propert
10、ies. These test methods provide a meansof measuring the distribution for the purpose of comparison tothe desired distribution.3.2 These test methods also cover determination of thewater content of refractory materials in the wet condition andof air-dried samples received, so that the sieve analysis
11、can becalculated on the dry basis.3.3 These methods can produce data for specification ac-ceptance, design purposes, manufacturing control, and researchand development.3.4 Areference set of standard matched or calibrated sieves4shall be provided for use in checking the set of sieves used inthe actua
12、l sieve analysis of samples. The sieves for use in sieveanalysis may also be standard matched sieves or may beunmatched sieves conforming to the Specification Table inSpecification E11, provided that such sieves will give resultsthat differ by no more than 5 % from those obtained with thereference s
13、et when the two sets are compared in accordancewith the section of Test Method C 429 on testing of sieves andsamples splitters.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current ed
14、ition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 92 95 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
15、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Consho-hocken, PA 19428.4The sole source of supply of matched sieves known to the committee at thistime is W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor, OH 44060. If you are awa
16、re of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
17、n, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Apparatus4.1 ASTM sieves, or the equivalent Tyler Series listed inTable 1, shall be used. The wire cloth for the sieves, describedin Specification E11, shall be woven (not twilled) andmounted without distortion or looseness in 8-in. (200-mm)diameter circular frames
18、. Pans and covers shall be provided forthe sieves.5. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units5.1 Arepresentative sample of the material to be tested shallweigh at least four to five times the required weight of theactual test specimen. Material on which the water content is tobe determined shall be
19、packed in a watertight container.5.2 Water Content:5.2.1 Wet-Type Air-Setting Refractory MortarsRemoveapproximately 50 g of the material immediately after openingthe original container and after carefully mixing the contents.To facilitate handling the specimen, place it on a tared piece ofwaxed pape
20、r or aluminum weighing dish. Weigh the testspecimen to the nearest 0.1 g both before and after drying for24 h at 220 to 230F (105 to 110C). Calculate the percentageof water to the nearest 0.1 % on the as-received basis.5.2.2 Materials Other Than Wet-Type Air-Setting RefractoryMortars (ground fire cl
21、ays, fireclay mortars, dry-type air-setting mortars, plastic refractories, and similar materials)Ifthe material is shipped in the wet condition, prevent loss ofwater before obtaining a test specimen of approximately 250 g.Weigh the test specimen to the nearest 0.1 g both before andafter drying for3h
22、at220to230F (105 to 110C). Calculatethe percentage of water to the nearest 0.1 % on the as-receivedbasis. The dried specimen may be required for further tests (seeSections 6 and 7).WET SIEVE ANALYSIS6. Dry Materials6.1 If the material is received in the dry condition, the testspecimen (Note 1) shall
23、 consist of the dried and weighed testspecimen prepared in accordance with 5.2.2.NOTE 1The size of the test specimen may be changed by reason of thenature of the material. For example, some clays tend to pack or cake onthe sieves when ground to exceedingly fine particle size, in which case a100-g sa
24、mple may be used. For plastic refractories or coarsely groundmixes, the weight of the specimen could be increased to 500 g.7. Wet Materials7.1 Materials prepared with water (plastic refractories, wet-type high-temperature bonding mortars, etc.) shall be tested asreceived. Take two test specimens imm
25、ediately after openingthe original container and, in the case of mortars, after carefullymixing the contents. Use one specimen for determining thewater content in accordance with either 5.2.1 or 5.2.2. Obtainapproximately 250 g of the other specimen (Note 1) for sieveanalysis. Weigh the test specime
26、n to the nearest 0.1 g andtransfer to the 1-dm3container (see Section 8). Wash theutensils used during weighing (to which a small part of thesample may adhere) with a small jet of water from a14-in.(6-mm) hose to ensure a quantitative transfer of the weighedspecimen to the container.8. Procedure8.1
27、Place the test specimen into a container of about 1-dm3capacity.Add sufficient water to form a slurry.Allow slaking toproceed for 1 h, after which a further addition of water may benecessary. Then transfer the test specimen (without loss) to thefinest sieve to be used in the analysis. Wash with a sm
28、all jet ofwater from a14-in. (6-mm) rubber hose until the water passingthrough the sieve contains only traces of the specimen.Exercise care during washing to prevent loss by splashing. Itmay be necessary to break up lumps by gently rubbing betweenthe fingers, but never by rubbing or pressing against
29、 the sieve.Then dry the washed residue in the sieve to constant weight at220 to 230F (105 to 110C). This usually requires about 2 h.If desired, a preliminary drying period at a lower temperaturemay be used. Then transfer the dried residue to the top orcoarsest sieve of the series to be used. Complet
30、e the sievingand weighing operations in accordance with Section 10 or 11.9. Calculation and Report9.1 Calculate the wet sieve analysis for the test specimen onthe dry weight, and report the results to the nearest 0.1 % of thematerial retained on each sieve (Note 2). Report the percentagepassing the
31、finest sieve as the difference between 100 % andthe sum of the percentages retained on the other sieves.NOTE 2As an alternative, the results of sieve analysis may be reportedon the cumulative basis, either as the total percentage retained on orpassing each sieve.DRY SIEVE ANALYSIS10. Mechanical Siev
32、ing10.1 When the sieving is to be done mechanically, arrangethe sieves in the order of size with the coarsest sieve at the topof the series. The specimen for sieving (Note 1) shall consist ofa dried and weighed material prepared in accordance with5.2.2. Transfer the specimen to the top sieve of the
33、series, andmechanically sieve until less than 0.1 g passes through eachsieve after hand sieving for 1 min, as described in Section 11.The machine-sieving operation usually requires about 15 min.Then carefully separate the sieves and determine the amount ofmaterial retained on each by weighing to the
34、 nearest 0.1 g.TABLE 1 ASTM Sieves and the Equivalent Tyler Standard SeriesASTM Sieves (U.S.Standard Series) No.Tyler Standard Series(Mesh Designation)Sieve Opening0.265 in. 3 6.7 mm4 4 4.75 mm6 6 3.35 mm8 8 2.36 mm12 10 1.70 mm16 14 1.18 mm20 20 850 m30 28 600 m40 35 425 m50 48 300 m70 65 212 m100
35、100 150 m140 150 106 m200 200 75 mC 92 95 (2005)211. Hand Sieving11.1 The specimen for sieving (Note 1) shall consist of adried and weighed material prepared in accordance with 5.2.2.Use one sieve at a time beginning with the coarsest and thensuccessively to finer sizes. Alternately tap and rotate t
36、he sieve,with pan and cover attached, while holding it in a slightlyinclined position so that the test sample will be well distributedover the sieve. Continue the operation until less than 0.1 g ofthe material passes through each sieve during 1 min ofcontinuous sieving. Determine the amount of mater
37、ial retainedon each sieve by weighing to the nearest 0.1 g.12. Calculation and Report12.1 Calculate the dry sieve analysis for the test specimenon the dry weight, and report the results to the nearest 0.1 % ofthe material retained on each sieve (Note 2). Include dust losswith the material passing th
38、e finest sieve.13. Precision and Bias13.1 Interlaboratory TestingAn interlaboratory study wasconducted among seven laboratories in 1986. The samesamples of 2.5, +28 mesh tabular alumina and 14 meshsilicon carbide were tested by each laboratory to eliminatesampling variability. A third material, wet
39、bauxite mortar, wassplit into separate samples for each laboratory for wet sieveanalysis and moisture content tests.13.1.1 The sponsoring laboratory used matched sieves andran the initial and final dry sieve analyses on the tabularalumina and the silicon carbide samples in order to evaluatesample lo
40、ss or sample breakdown in the repeated runs. Thetotal specimen loss at this end of the study was 3.7 % of thetabular alumina and 4.3 % of the silicon carbide. Each of theother 6 laboratories, with one exception, ran two repetitions oneach specimen. Thus, a total of seven sets of data with tworeplica
41、tes each and one set of data with one replicate wereanalyzed.13.1.2 The wet mortar results consisted of one set of datafrom each of six laboratories. Each set of data included sieveanalyses and water content on two separate samples split fromthe main sample received by each laboratory.13.1.3 Analysi
42、s of the sieve analyses data was based on thepositive accumulated difference (PAD), which is the sum of theabsolute values of the difference between the percent held oneach sieve in one repetition and the grand average of thepercent on each sieve for all repetitions. The PAD divided bythe total numb
43、er of sieves within the particle size range of theparticular material gave the average PAD per sieve. Hereafter,the value will be referred to as the average difference.13.1.4 As shown in Table 2 and Table 3, the standarddeviations within and between laboratories for the averagedifference was similar
44、 for the dry tabular alumina and siliconcarbide. The standard deviations of the average difference wereslightly greater for the dry-sieved portion (+150 mesh) andmuch greater for the wet-sieved portion (150 mesh) of the wetmortar.13.2 Precision:13.2.1 Precision is based on the average difference onl
45、y. Fordry sieve analyses in one laboratory, the average difference fortwo materials is significantly different at a probability of 95 %( t = 1.96) if it exceeds the repeatability (Ir) listed for precisionin Table 2 or for relative precision (% Ir)inTable 3. That is, theaverage difference between two
46、 sieve analysis on the samematerial obtained in the same laboratory will be expected toexceed the Irvalue only about 5 % of the time. If the averagedifference exceeds Ir, there is reason to question the test results.Likewise, the average difference for two materials obtained bytwo laboratories is co
47、nsidered to be significantly different if itexceeds the applicable reproducibility intervals (IR and % IR)in Table 2 and Table 3.13.2.2 The precision of the sieve analysis of wet materials istreated in two parts, the dry-sieved +150 mesh and thewet-sieved 150 mesh. For dry sieve analyses in one labo
48、ra-tory, the average difference for two materials is significantlydifferent at a probability of 95 % (t = 1.96) if it exceeds therepeatability intervals listed for precision in Table 2 or forrelative precision in Table 3. Likewise for comparing theaverage differences of two wet materials tested in t
49、wo labora-tories.13.2.3 The precision and relative precision for the watercontent of wet materials are shown in Table 2 and Table 3,respectively, and are used in the same fashion as described in13.2.2.13.3 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias can be madesince the true values for particle size and water content ofdifferent materials cannot be established by an accepted refer-ence method.14. Keywords14.1 dry sieve analysis; refractories; water content; wetsieve analysisTABLE 2 PrecisionMaterialAverageDifferencefrom GrandAverage XStandard Devia-tion Within-Be
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