1、Designation: C 981 05Standard Guide forDesign of Built-Up Bituminous Membrane WaterproofingSystems for Building Decks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the design of fully adhered built-upbituminous membrane waterproofing systems for plaza de
3、ckand promenade construction over occupied spaces of buildingswhere covered by a separate wearing course.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is notaware of
4、any comparable standards published by other orga-nizations.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bi
5、lity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationC 717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsC 755 Practice for Selection of Water Vapor Retarders f
6、orThermal InsulationC 1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC 1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-antsC 1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other EffectsWhen Establishing Sealant Joint WidthD41 Specification for Asphalt Primer Used in Roofing,Dampproofing, and WaterproofingD43 S
7、pecification for Coal Tar Primer Used in Roofing,Dampproofing, and WaterproofingD 173 Specification for Bitumen-Saturated Cotton FabricsUsed in Roofing and WaterproofingD 226 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated Organic FeltUsed in Roofing and WaterproofingD 227 Specification for Coal-Tar-Saturated O
8、rganic FeltUsed in Roofing and WaterproofingD 312 Specification for Asphalt Used in RoofingD 449 Specification for Asphalt Used in Dampproofing andWaterproofingD 450 Specification for Coal-Tar Pitch Used in Roofing,Dampproofing, and WaterproofingD 1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproof-
9、ingD 1327 Specification for Bitumen-Saturated Woven BurlapFabrics Used in Roofing and WaterproofingD 1668 Specification for Glass Fabrics (Woven andTreated) for Roofing and WaterproofingD 2178 Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roof-ing and WaterproofingD 2822 Specification for Asphalt Roo
10、f Cement, Asbestos-ContainingD 4022 Specification for Coal Tar Roof Cement, AsbestosContainingD 4586 Specfication for Asphalt Roof Cement, Asbestos-FreeD 4601 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fiber BaseSheet Used in RoofingD 4990 Specification for Coal Tar Glass Felt Used inRoofing and Waterpr
11、oofingD 5295 Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces forAdhered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing SystemsD 5898 Guide for Details for Adhered Sheet WaterproofingD 5957 Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal WaterproofingInstallationsD 6152 Specification for SEBS-Modified Mopping AsphaltUsed in Roofing1
12、This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-proofing and Dampproofing Systems.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition ap
13、proved in 2001 as C 981 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100
14、 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 6162 Specification for Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using a Combina-tion of Polyester and Glass Fiber ReinforcementsD 6163 Specification for Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)Modifie
15、d Bituminous Sheet Materials Using Glass FiberReinforcementsD 6164 Specification for Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using PolyesterReinforcementsD 6451 Guide for Application of Asphalt Based ProtectionBoardD 6622 Guide for Application of Fully Adhered Hot-Applied
16、Reinforced Waterproofing Systems2.2 Other Documents:ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete in Build-ings33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in the guide,refer to Terminologies C 717 and D 1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 prefabricated drai
17、nage compositea preformed po-rous material, usually plastic, with a filter-type fabric over it.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides information and guidelines for theselection of components and the design of a built-up bitumi-nous membrane waterproofing system in building deck con-structio
18、n. Where the state of the art is such that criteria forparticular conditions are not established or have numerousvariables that require consideration, applicable portions ofDesign Considerations, Sections 5-16, serve as reference andguidance for selection by the designer of the system.5. Comparison
19、to Other Standards5.1 The Committee with jurisdiction over this standard isnot aware of any comparable standards published by otherorganizations.5.2 For application methods, refer to Guide D 6622. Fordesign of typical details not addressed in this guide, refer toGuide D 5898.6. General6.1 The design
20、 of plaza deck waterproofing cannot besatisfactorily determined without consideratoin of the severalsubsystems, their material components, and interrelationships.The proper selection from a variety of components that form abuilt-up bituminous membrane waterproofing system must bepredicated upon spec
21、ific project requirements and the interre-lationship of components. The variety of the types of surfacesexposed to weather, the difference of climatic conditions towhich the deck is exposed, and the interior environmentalrequirements of the occupied space are major determinants inthe process of comp
22、onent selection. Essential to determinationof the deck design components is information relative totemperature extremes of the inner and outer surfaces, precipi-tation rates, solar exposure, prevailing wind direction, thepattern and reflectivity of adjacent structures, anticipatedamount and intensit
23、y of vibration resulting from function oradjacent occupancies, and design live loads both normal andemergency.6.2 It is essential that all components and contiguouselements be compatible and coordinated to form a totallyintegrated waterproofing system.6.3 The plaza deck system is normally composed o
24、f severalsubsystems: the structural building deck (membrane substrate),the waterproofing membrane, the drainage subsystem, thethermal insulation, protection or working slab, and the wearingcourse (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1 as well as details, subsystems,components, and illustrations that follow are intend
25、ed toillustrate a principle but are not necessarily the only solutionfor a diversity of environments.7. Substrate7.1 The building deck or substrate referred to in this guideis reinforced cast-in-place structural concrete.7.1.1 High early strength and lightweight insulating con-cretes do not provide
26、suitable substrates. Additives made to theconcrete mix (such as calcium chloride) to promote curing,reduce water requirements, or modify application temperaturerequirements should not be used unless the manufacturer of thewaterproofing system specifically agrees.7.1.2 Precast concrete slabs pose mor
27、e technical problemsthan cast-in-place concrete, and the probability of lasting3Available from ACI International, PO Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI483339094.FIG. 1 Basic Components of Built-up Bituminous Membrane Wa-terproofing System with Separate Wearing Course (see Section6.3)C981052watertightnes
28、s is greatly diminished and difficult to achievebecause of the multitude of joints that have the capability ofmovement and must be treated accordingly. Moving joints arecritical features of waterproofing systems and are more criticalwhen sealed at the membrane level than at a higher level withthe us
29、e of integral concrete curbs. Such curbs are impracticalwith precast concrete slabs and necessitate an even moreimpractical drain in each slab. Other disadvantages of precastconcrete slabs are their inflexibility in achieving contouredslope to drains and the difficulty of coordinating the placemento
30、f such drains.7.2 Slope for DrainageDrainage at the membrane level isimportant. When the waterproofing membrane is placed di-rectly on the concrete slab, a monolithic concrete substrateslope of a minimum 2 % (14 in./ ft.) should be maintained. Themaximum slope is related to the type of membrane used
31、. Slopeis best achieved with a monolithic pour as compared with aseparate concrete fill. The fill presents the potential of addi-tional cracks and provides a cleavage plane between the fill andstructural slab. This cleavage plane complicates the detectionof leakage in the event that water should pen
32、etrate themembrane at a crack in the fill and travel along the separationuntil reaching a crack in the structural slab.7.3 StrengthThe strength of concrete is a factor to beconsidered with respect to the built-up bituminous membraneinsofar as it relates to finish, bond strength, and continuingintegr
33、ity. The cast-in-place structural concrete should have aminimum density of 1762 kg/m3(110 lb/ft3).7.4 FinishThe structural slab should have a finish ofsufficiently rough texture to provide a mechanical bond for themembrane but not so rough to preclude achieving continuity ofthe membrane across the s
34、urface. As a minimum, ACI 301floated finish is required with ACI 301 troweled finish pre-ferred, deleting the final troweling.7.5 CuringCuring the structural slab is necessary toprovide a sound concrete surface and to obtain the quality ofconcrete required. Curing is accomplished chemically withmois
35、ture and should not be construed as drying.7.5.1 Moist CuringMoist curing is achieved by keepingthe surfaces continuously wet by covering with burlap satu-rated with water and kept wet by spraying or hosing. Thecovering materials should be placed to provide completesurface coverage with joints lappe
36、d a minimum of 75 mm (3in.).7.5.2 Sheet CuringSheet curing is accomplished with asheet vapor retarder that reduces the loss of water from theconcrete and moistens the surface of the concrete by conden-sation, thus preventing the surface from drying while curing.Laps of sheets covering the slab shoul
37、d be not less than 50 mm(2 in.) and should be sealed or weighted (see Practice C 755).7.5.3 Chemical CuringLiquid or chemical curing com-pounds applied to the surface of the structural slab should notbe used unless approved by the manufacturer of the built-upbituminous membrane as the material may i
38、nterfere with thebond of the membrane to the structural slab.7.6 DrynessMembrane manufacturers requirements forsubstrate dryness vary from being visibly dry to having aspecific maximum moisture content. Since there is a lack ofunanimity in this regard, it is necessary to conform to themanufacturers
39、requirements for the particular membrane be-ing applied. Adequate drying of residual moisture from slabspoured over a permanent metal deck will normally take longerthan from slabs stripped of forming. Subsequent undersidepainting of stripped concrete slabs that might inhibit moisturevapor transmissi
40、on and possibly cause loss of membraneadhesion should be avoided.7.7 JointsJoints in a structural concrete slab are hereinreferred to as reinforced joints, unreinforced joints, and expan-sion joints.7.7.1 Reinforced JointsReinforced joints consist of hair-line cracks, cold joints, construction joint
41、s, and isolation jointsheld together with reinforcing steel bars or wire fabric. Theseare considered static joints with little or no movement antici-pated because the slab reinforcement is continuous across thejoint.7.7.2 Nonreinforced JointsNonreinforced joints consist ofbutt-type construction join
42、ts and isolation joints not heldtogether with reinforcing steel bars or wire fabric. These jointsare generally considered by the designer of the structuralsystem as nonmoving or static joints. However, the jointsshould be considered as capable of having some movement, themagnitude of which is diffic
43、ult to predict.7.7.3 Expansion and Seismic JointsExpansion joints, asdifferentiated from control joints, are designed to accommo-date movement in more than one direction, are an integral partof the building structural system, and must be carried throughthe entire structure. Expansion joints are inco
44、rporated in thestructural frame (1) to reduce internal stresses caused by widetemperature ranges or differential movement, or both, betweenstructural elements as might be the case in large adjoiningheated and unheated spaces; (2) where there are differentfoundation settlement conditions between adja
45、cent elements;or (3) where movements between high- and low-attachedstructures are anticipated. Seismic joints are a special case inwhich the joints are generally quite large and are designed tolimit damage to the structural frame during earthquakes.Expansion and seismic joints are best located at hi
46、gh points ofcontoured substrates to deflect water away from the joint. Forexpansion joints designed for thermal movement only, themovement is expected to be only in the horizontal plane.Seismic joints are designed to accommodate both vertical andhorizontal movement.7.8 Flashing SubstrateThe vertical
47、 surface that the mem-brane waterproofing intersects must be sound, with a smooth orfloated finish, dry, and free of cracks and loose materials asstated for the horizontal or deck substrate. The vertical surfacesmay be of concrete, stone, or masonry, and should be rein-forced against shrinkage and c
48、racks.8. Waterproofing Membrane8.1 The major membrane components include primers,bitumens, reinforcements and flashing materials.8.2 PrimersPrimers (Specifications D41 and D43) areused to prepare the substrate to obtain maximum adhesion ofthe bitumen to the substrate. Asphalt derivative primers shou
49、ldbe used with asphalt and coal-tar derivative primers withcoal-tar bitumen.C9810538.3 BitumensBitumens in a waterproofing system servetwo functions. They provide the prime waterproofing compo-nent of the system and the adhesive component for themembrane reinforcement. The bitumens used in plaza buildingdeck waterproofing are asphalt (Specifications D 312 andD 449, Types I or II) or coal-tar pitch (Specification D 450,Types II or III). In some instances these products are modifiedto serve a particular purpose. In building deck waterproofing,waterproofing grade as
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