1、Designation: C985 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Specification forNonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C985; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipedesigned for specified strengths and
3、 intended to be used for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water andfor the construction of culverts.1.2 A complete companion to Specification C985 has beendeveloped, C985M; therefore, no metric equivalents are pre-sented in this specification.NOTE 1This specification is a manufa
4、cturing and purchase specifica-tion only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or therelationship between field load conditions and the designated strength ofthe pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performanceof this product depends upon the proper selection of
5、 the pipe strength, typeof bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specifiedherein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with thepipe strength specified and provide inspection at the construc
6、tion site.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A82/A82M Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for ConcreteReinforcementA185/A185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA496/A496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete ReinforcementA497/A497M Specifi
7、cation for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150 Specification for Portland CementC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC5
8、95 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinfo
9、rced Concrete andShotcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determinedin accordance with Section 9. After th
10、e pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously inaccordance with Section 9, production pipe shall be accepted inaccordance with 4.2.4.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and MaterialTests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDetermine in accordance wi
11、th Sections 5, 6, 8, and 11.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. Forguidance, see Practice E105.4.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when it conforms to the requirements as indicatedby the specified tests.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manu
12、facturer shall provide the following informa-tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance and supporting data,5.1.2 Designated pipe strength,5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint details,5.1.4 Admixtures,5.1.5 Manufacturing an
13、d curing process, and1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.01 onNon-Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Drain and Irrigation Pipe.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedi
14、n 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C985 041. DOI: 10.1520/C0985-04R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
15、page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.6 Handling Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecification, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerance, diameter, sp
16、acingand cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, andspecial reinforcement.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitiousmaterials, mineral aggregates, and water.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the r
17、equirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash sha
18、ll conform to the requirementsof Specification C618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of CementitiousMaterialsThe combination of cementitious material
19、s used inthe cement shall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement and fly ash, or(6) A combination or portland cement and ground granu-la
20、ted blast-furnace slag.(7) A combination of portland cement, ground granulatedblast furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementi-tious weight).6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33,
21、except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used unless prohibited by the owner.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A82/A82M, or SpecificationA496/A496M, or of wire
22、 fabric conforming to SpecificationA185/A185M, or Specification A497/A497M, or of bars ofGrade 40 steel conforming to Specification A615/A615M.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portioned, and mixed with cementitious materials, water, andadmixtures, if any, to pr
23、oduce a homogeneous concrete mixtureof such quality that the pipe will conform to the design and testrequirements of this specification.6.2.2 Handling ReinforcementCircumferential handlingreinforcement shall be provided in all pipe larger than 36 in. indiameter.6.2.2.1 PlacementWhere one line of cir
24、cular reinforce-ment is used, it shall be placed between 30 and 50 % of thewall thickness from the inside surface. Where two lines ofcircular reinforcement are used, each line shall be so placedthat the protective covering over the circumferential reinforce-ment in the wall of the section shall be 1
25、 in.6.2.2.2 SplicesIf the splices are not welded, the reinforce-ment shall be lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformedbars, and 40 diameters for plain bars and cold-drawn wire.When splices are welded and are not lapped to the minimumrequirements above, there shall be a minimum lap of 2 in. and
26、pull tests of representative specimens shall develop at least50 % of the minimum specified strength of the steel.6.2.2.3 SpacingHandling reinforcements shall be indi-vidual hoops or shall be formed into a cage or cages. It shall bedistributed along the length of the pipe section, or one half ofthe m
27、inimum reinforcement shall be allowed to be placed ineach of the extreme quarters of the length of an 8-ft or less pipesection, or one third of the minimum reinforcement shall beallowed to be placed in each third of the length of a longer than8-ft pipe section. Additionally, at least 75 % of the min
28、imumarea shall be located not less than one fifteenth of the length ofthe pipe section from any portion of the joint.6.2.2.4 AreaThe minimum area of circumferential han-dling reinforcement shall be equal to 0.00003 (D + t)2in squarein. per ft of pipe, where “D” equals the designated diameter ininche
29、s and “t” equals the wall thickness in inches.6.2.2.5 Special Designs The manufacturer shall be al-lowed to submit special designs to the owner for approval.Approval shall be based on structural calculations or on loadtests. The minimum ultimate three-edge bearing load shall beequal to the weight of
30、 the pipe and shall be sustained by thepipe after cracking at the top, bottom and sides the full lengthof the pipe. The pipe shall also meet the strength requirementsof Section 7, and Section 10 or 11, or both.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the endsof the concrete pipe sections s
31、o formed that when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha smooth interior free from appreciable irregularities in theflowline, all compatible with the permissible variations givenin Section 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyesor holes shall
32、 be allowed to be provided in each pipe for thepurpose of handling.6.3 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropy-lene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturersoption, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturingmaterial. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and man
33、ufac-tured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to therequirements of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Properties7.1 Pipe Strength Pipe strength shall be either a desig-nated strength or a cracking strength. The designated strengthis that specified as the minimum load req
34、uired to produce thecracking strength when tested in three-edge bearing in accor-dance with Test Methods C497. The cracking strength is theactual maximum load observed in the three-edge bearing test,and shall be assumed to have been reached when any continu-ous visible crack caused by the test load
35、exceeds 1 ft in lengthmeasured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe.C985 04 (2010)2NOTE 3For pipe made without handling steel, the designated strengthis the minimum load required to produce the ordinary nonreinforced pipeload at ultimate failure. For safety reasons, DO NOT look for a visibl
36、ecrack during a three-edge bearing test of pipe without reinforcing.7.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shallfurnish, without charge, all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.7.3 Test Methods The tests for crushing strength s
37、hall bemade in accordance with Test Methods C497. When alternativemethods of load testing are specified, tests shall be made inaccordance with the alternative requirements.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in thestandard designated internal diam
38、eters listed in Table 1.NOTE 4Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 may beavailable. When such sizes are required, the owner should contact themanufacturers in the project area.8.2 Design TolerancesExcept as specified in this section,all permissible design tolerances shall be provided underreq
39、uirements in Section 5.8.2.1 Diameter TolerancesThe internal diameter shall notvary from the designated diameter by more than 6316 in. forpipe 12 in. in diameter; by more than 614 in. for pipe 15 or 18in. in diameter; by more than 6516 in. for pipe 21 in. indiameter; by more than 638 in. for pipe 24
40、 in. to 36 in. indiameter; and by more than 61 % for pipe larger than 36 in. indiameter.8.2.2 Handling Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThemaximum variation in the nominal position of the reinforce-ment shall be 610 % of the wall thickness or 658 in.,whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in
41、the position ofthe reinforcement exceeding those specified above shall beaccepted if the three-edge bearing strength requirements aremet by a representative sample. In no case, however, shall thecover over the circumferential reinforcement be less than12 in.8.2.3 Laying Length TolerancesThe length o
42、f any sectionof pipe shall not vary more than12 in. from a specified ordesignated design length. The length of two opposite sides ofany section of pipe shall not vary more than14 in. or 2 % of thedesignated diameter, whichever is larger.8.2.4 Wall Thickness TolerancesThe wall thickness shallnot be l
43、ess than the thickness specified under 5.1.3 by morethan 5 % or18 in. for pipe 12 to 24 in. in diameter, whicheveris greater; and by more than 5 % or316 in. for pipe larger than24 in. in diameter, whichever is greater. Localized variations inwall thickness exceeding those specified above shall be ac
44、-cepted if the physical test requirements specified herein aremet. A wall thickness greater than that required by the designis not a cause for rejection, except that such pipe shall not beused for tests required in Section 4.8.2.5 Straightness TolerancesPipe intended to be straightshall not vary in
45、alignment more than18 in./ft of length.9. Acceptance of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five repre-sentative specimens, or special test pipe that are shorter thanstandard production pipe, as agreed upon by the owner andmanufacturer, shall be tested to cracking strength and theresu
46、lts recorded. Compute the values in 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for thecracking strength.9.1.1 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s,byEq1or Eq 2, that yield identical values, as follows:s 5 =(Xi2 X!2#/n 2 1! (1)s 5 =(Xi22 (Xi!2/n/n 2 1! (2)where:Xi= observed value of the load to develop the crackingstren
47、gth,X= average (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi, andn = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs,by Eq 3. In Eq 3 the value of the estimated standard deviation,s, shall be calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or equal to 0.01 L,whichever is greater.Xs5 L 1 1.07 s
48、(3)where:L = Specification limit (designated strength).9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmeticmean Xfor the cracking strength is equal to or greater than thecomputed values of Xs, and if all the tested specimens meet orexceed the specification limit.9.2 Alternative Acceptance Met
49、hodThe manufacturershall be allowed to request approval of designs based onempirical evaluations of the strength of the pipe including, butnot limited to, designs based on interpolation between designsapproved in accordance with 10.1, or designs evaluated on thebasis of tests other than the three-edge bearing test method.Acceptance of design tests need not be performed for eachcontract or order.10. Acceptance of Pipe by Load Testing10.1 Lot Sampling The owner shall randomly select fromthe lot a sample of the size liste
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