1、Designation: C985 13Standard Specification forNonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C985; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipedesigned for specified strengths and intended to be us
3、ed for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water andfor the construction of culverts.1.2 A complete companion to Specification C985 has beendeveloped, C985M; therefore, no metric equivalents are pre-sented in this specification.NOTE 1This specification is a manufacturing and purcha
4、se specifica-tion only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or therelationship between field load conditions and the designated strength ofthe pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performanceof this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength
5、, typeof bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specifiedherein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with thepipe strength specified and provide inspection at the construction site.2. Refer
6、enced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire andWelded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150 Specification for
7、 Portland CementC494 Specification for Chemical Admixtures for ConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to
8、Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Termi
9、nology C822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determinedin accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously inaccordance with Section 9, production pipe shall be accepted inaccordance with 4.2.
10、4.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and MaterialTests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 11.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. Forguidance, see Practice E105.4.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered read
11、y foracceptance when it conforms to the requirements as indicatedby the specified tests.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following informa-tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance and supporting data,5.1.2 Designated pipe stre
12、ngth,5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint details,5.1.4 Admixtures,5.1.5 Manufacturing and curing process, and5.1.6 Handling Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecification, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerance
13、, diameter, spacingand cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, andspecial reinforcement.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.01 onNon-Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Drain and Irrigation Pip
14、e.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2013. Published September 2013. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C985 04(2010). DOI:10.1520/C0985-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 ConcreteThe concrete sha
16、ll consist of cementitiousmaterials, mineral aggregates, and water.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of
17、 Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirementsof Specification C618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requiremen
18、ts of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of CementitiousMaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used inthe cement shall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified portland cement only,(4)
19、 Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement and fly ash, or(6) A combination or portland cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag.(7) A combination of portland cement, ground granulatedblast furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and fly ash
20、 (not to exceed 25% of the total cementi-tious weight).6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsChemical admixtures andblends shall conform to Specification C494.6.1.5 Steel
21、 ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwelded wire reinforcement conforming to SpecificationA1064/A1064M for steel wire and welded wire reinforcement,plain and deformed, for concrete. If billet steel is used, it shallbe used conforming to Specification A615/A615M.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureTh
22、e aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned, and mixed with cementitious materials, water,and admixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly-mixed concretemixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the designand test requirements of this specification.6.2.2 Handling ReinforcementCircumf
23、erential handlingreinforcement shall be provided in all pipe larger than 36 in. indiameter.6.2.2.1 PlacementWhere one line of circular reinforce-ment is used, it shall be placed between 30 and 50 % of thewall thickness from the inside surface. Where two lines ofcircular reinforcement are used, each
24、line shall be so placedthat the protective covering over the circumferential reinforce-ment in the wall of the section shall be 1 in.6.2.2.2 SplicesIf the splices are not welded, the reinforce-ment shall be lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformedbars, and 40 diameters for plain bars and cold-
25、drawn wire.When splices are welded and are not lapped to the minimumrequirements above, there shall be a minimum lap of 2 in. andpull tests of representative specimens shall develop at least50 % of the minimum specified strength of the steel.6.2.2.3 SpacingHandling reinforcements shall be indi-vidua
26、l hoops or shall be formed into a cage or cages. It shall bedistributed along the length of the pipe section, or one half ofthe minimum reinforcement shall be allowed to be placed ineach of the extreme quarters of the length of an 8-ft or less pipesection, or one third of the minimum reinforcement s
27、hall beallowed to be placed in each third of the length of a longer than8-ft pipe section. Additionally, at least 75 % of the minimumarea shall be located not less than one fifteenth of the length ofthe pipe section from any portion of the joint.6.2.2.4 AreaThe minimum area of circumferential han-dl
28、ing reinforcement shall be equal to 0.00003 (D + t)2in squarein. per ft of pipe, where “D” equals the designated diameter ininches and “t” equals the wall thickness in inches.6.2.2.5 Special DesignsThe manufacturer shall be al-lowed to submit special designs to the owner for approval.Approval shall
29、be based on structural calculations or on loadtests. The minimum ultimate three-edge bearing load shall beequal to the weight of the pipe and shall be sustained by thepipe after cracking at the top, bottom and sides the full lengthof the pipe. The pipe shall also meet the strength requirementsof Sec
30、tion 7, and Section 10 or 11, or both.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the endsof the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha smooth interior free from appreciable irregularities in theflowline, all com
31、patible with the permissible variations givenin Section 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyesor holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for thepurpose of handling.6.3 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropyl-ene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the
32、 manufacturersoption, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturingmaterial. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufac-tured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to therequirements of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Properties7.1 Pipe StrengthPipe strength
33、shall be either a designatedstrength or a cracking strength. The designated strength is thatspecified as the minimum load required to produce the crackingstrength when tested in three-edge bearing in accordance withTest Methods C497. The cracking strength is the actualmaximum load observed in the th
34、ree-edge bearing test, andshall be assumed to have been reached when any continuousvisible crack caused by the test load exceeds 1 ft in lengthmeasured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe.NOTE 3For pipe made without handling steel, the designated strengthis the minimum load required to pro
35、duce the ordinary nonreinforced pipeload at ultimate failure. For safety reasons, DO NOT look for a visiblecrack during a three-edge bearing test of pipe without reinforcing.C985 1327.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shallfurnish, without charge, all samples, facilities, and personnel
36、necessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.7.3 Test MethodsThe tests for crushing strength shall bemade in accordance with Test Methods C497. When alternativemethods of load testing are specified, tests shall be made inaccordance with the alternative requirements.8. Dimensions a
37、nd Permissible Variations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in thestandard designated internal diameters listed in Table 1.NOTE 4Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 may beavailable. When such sizes are required, the owner should contact themanufacturers in the project area.8.2
38、Design TolerancesExcept as specified in this section,all permissible design tolerances shall be provided underrequirements in Section 5.8.2.1 Diameter TolerancesThe internal diameter shall notvary from the designated diameter by more than 6316 in. forpipe 12 in. in diameter; by more than 614 in. for
39、 pipe 15 or 18in. in diameter; by more than 6516 in. for pipe 21 in. indiameter; by more than 638 in. for pipe 24 in. to 36 in. indiameter; and by more than 61 % for pipe larger than 36 in. indiameter.8.2.2 Handling Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThemaximum variation in the nominal position of th
40、e reinforce-ment shall be 610 % of the wall thickness or 658 in.,whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the position ofthe reinforcement exceeding those specified above shall beaccepted if the three-edge bearing strength requirements aremet by a representative sample. In no case, however, s
41、hall thecover over the circumferential reinforcement be less than12 in.8.2.3 Laying Length TolerancesThe length of any sectionof pipe shall not vary more than12 in. from a specified ordesignated design length. The length of two opposite sides ofany section of pipe shall not vary more than14 in. or 2
42、 % of thedesignated diameter, whichever is larger.8.2.4 Wall Thickness TolerancesThe wall thickness shallnot be less than the thickness specified under 5.1.3 by morethan 5 % or18 in. for pipe 12 to 24 in. in diameter, whicheveris greater; and by more than 5 % or316 in. for pipe larger than24 in. in
43、diameter, whichever is greater. Localized variations inwall thickness exceeding those specified above shall be ac-cepted if the physical test requirements specified herein aremet. A wall thickness greater than that required by the designis not a cause for rejection, except that such pipe shall not b
44、eused for tests required in Section 4.8.2.5 Straightness TolerancesPipe intended to be straightshall not vary in alignment more than18 in./ft of length.9. Acceptance of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five repre-sentative specimens, or special test pipe that are shorter thanstanda
45、rd production pipe, as agreed upon by the owner andmanufacturer, shall be tested to cracking strength and theresults recorded. Compute the values in 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for thecracking strength.9.1.1 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s,byEq 1or Eq 2, that yield identical values, as follows:s 5 =
46、(Xi2 X!2#/n 2 1! (1)s 5 =(Xi22(Xi!2/n#/n 2 1! (2)where:Xi= observed value of the load to develop the crackingstrength,X= average (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi, andn = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs,by Eq 3.InEq 3 the value of the estimated s
47、tandard deviation,s, shall be calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or equal to 0.01 L,whichever is greater.Xs5 L11.07 s (3)where:L = Specification limit (designated strength).9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmeticmean Xfor the cracking strength is equal to or greater than thecomputed valu
48、es of Xs, and if all the tested specimens meet orexceed the specification limit.9.2 Alternative Acceptance MethodThe manufacturershall be allowed to request approval of designs based onempirical evaluations of the strength of the pipe including, butnot limited to, designs based on interpolation betw
49、een designsapproved in accordance with 10.1, or designs evaluated on thebasis of tests other than the three-edge bearing test method.Acceptance of design tests need not be performed for eachcontract or order.10. Acceptance of Pipe by Load Testing10.1 Lot SamplingThe owner shall randomly select fromthe lot a sample of the size listed in Table 2.10.2 Designated Strength Testing:10.2.1 At the manufacturers option, each specimen of thesample shall be tested to the designated strength. If allTABLE 1 Standard Designated Inter
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