1、Designation: C 985M 04e1METRICStandard Specification forNonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer Pipe Metric1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 985M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in March 2005.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers no
3、nreinforced concrete pipedesigned for specified strengths and intended to be used for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water andfor the construction of culverts.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specifi-cation C 985.NOTE 1This specification is a manufacturing a
4、nd purchase specifica-tion only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or therelationship between field load conditions and the designated strength ofthe pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performanceof this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe
5、 strength, typeof bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specifiedherein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with thepipe strength specified and provide inspection at the construction site
6、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A82 Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Re-inforcementA 185 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, forConcrete ReinforcementA 496 Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for ConcreteReinforcementA 497 Specification for Steel Welde
7、d Wire Fabric, De-formed, for Concrete ReinforcementA 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and PlainBillet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement MetricC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sec-tions, or Tile (M
8、etric)C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture inPortland Cement ConcreteC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-FurnaceSl
9、ag for Use in Concrete and MortarsC 1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcreteE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of
10、the pipe design shall be determinedin accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously inaccordance with Section 9, production pipe shall be accepted inaccordance with 4.2.4.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and MaterialTests
11、and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 11.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. Forguidance, see Practice E 105.4.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when it conforms to the requirements as in
12、dicatedby the specified tests.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 onAcceptance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved October 1, 2004. Published November 2004. O
13、riginallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 985M02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
14、the ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following informa-tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance an
15、d supporting data,5.1.2 Designated pipe strength,5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint details,5.1.4 Admixtures,5.1.5 Manufacturing and curing process, and5.1.6 Handling Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecification, and
16、grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerance, diameter, spacingand cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, andspecial reinforcement.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitiousmaterials, mineral aggregates, and water.6.1.2 Cementit
17、ious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C 150, or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C 595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portla
18、nd pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirementsof Specification C 618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use inConcrete and Mortars (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform tothe requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C 989.6
19、.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of CementitiousMaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used inthe concrete shall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combin
20、ation of portland cement and fly ash, or(6) A combination of portland cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag.(7) A combination of Portland Cement, Ground GranulatedBlast Furnace Slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and Fly Ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cemen-titi
21、ous weight).6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used unless prohibited by the owner.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement s
22、hall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A82or Specification A 496,or of wire fabric conforming to Specifications A 185 orSpecification A 497, or of bars of Grade 300 steel conformingto Specification A 615/A 615M.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portione
23、d, and mixed with cementitious materials, water, andadmixtures, if any, to produce a homogeneous concrete mixtureof such quality that the pipe will conform to the design and testrequirements of this specification.6.2.2 Handling ReinforcementCircumferential handlingreinforcement shall be provided in
24、all pipe larger than 900 mmin diameter.6.2.2.1 PlacementWhere one line of circular reinforce-ment is used, it shall be placed between 30 and 50 % of thewall thickness from the inside surface. Where two lines ofcircular reinforcement are used, each line shall be so placedthat the protective covering
25、over the circumferential reinforce-ment in the wall of the section shall be 25 mm.6.2.2.2 SplicesIf the splices are not welded, the reinforce-ment shall be lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformedbars, and 40 diameters for plain bars and cold-drawn wire.When splices are welded and are not lapp
26、ed to the minimumrequirements above, there shall be a minimum lap of 50 mmand pull tests of representative specimens shall develop at least50 % of the minimum specified strength of the steel.6.2.2.3 SpacingHandling reinforcements shall be indi-vidual hoops or shall be formed into a cage or cages. It
27、 shall bedistributed along the length of the pipe section, or one half ofthe minimum reinforcement shall be allowed to be placed ineach of the extreme quarters of the length of a 2.4-m or lesspipe section, or one third of the minimum reinforcement shallbe allowed to be placed in each third of the le
28、ngth of a longerthan 2.4-m pipe section. Additionally, at least 75 % of theminimum area shall be located not less than one fifteenth of thelength of the pipe section from any portion of the joint.6.2.2.4 AreaThe minimum area of circumferential han-dling reinforcement shall be equal to 0.06 (D + t)2i
29、n squaremm per m of pipe, where “D” equals the designated diameterin mm and “t” equals the wall thickness in mm.6.2.2.5 Special Designs The manufacturer shall be al-lowed to submit special designs to the owner for approval.Approval shall be based on structural calculations or on loadtests. The minim
30、um ultimate three-edge bearing load shall beequal to the weight of the pipe and shall be sustained by thepipe after cracking at the top, bottom and sides the full lengthof the pipe. The pipe shall also meet the strength requirementsof Section 7 and Section 10 or 11, or both.6.2.3 JointsThe joints sh
31、all be of such design and the endsof the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha smooth interior free from appreciable irregularities in theflowline, all compatible with the permissible variations givenin Section 8.6.2.4
32、 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyesor holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for thepurpose of handling.6.3 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropy-lene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturersoption, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manuf
33、acturingmaterial. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufac-tured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to therequirements of Specification C 1116 shall be accepted.C985M04e127. Physical Properties7.1 Pipe Strength Pipe strength may be either a desig-nated strength or a cracking
34、strength. The designated strengthis that specified as the minimum load required to produce thecracking strength when tested in three-edge bearing in accor-dance with Test Methods C 497M. The cracking strength is theactual maximum load observed in the three-edge bearing test,and shall be assumed to h
35、ave been reached when any continu-ous visible crack caused by the test load exceeds 300 mm inlength measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe.NOTE 3For pipe made without handling steel, the designated strengthis the minimum load required to produce the ordinary nonreinforced pipeload at
36、 ultimate failure. For safety reasons, do not look for a visible crackduring a three-edge bearing test of pipe without reinforcing.7.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shallfurnish, without charge, all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this s
37、pecification.7.3 Test MethodsThe tests for crushing strength shall bemade in accordance with Test Methods C 497M. When alter-native methods of load testing are specified, tests shall be madein accordance with the alternative requirements.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 Standard Diameters
38、Pipe shall be manufactured in thestandard designated internal diameters listed in Table 1.NOTE 4Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 may beavailable. When such sizes are required, the owner shall contact themanufacturers in the project area.8.2 Design TolerancesExcept as specified in this sec
39、tion,all permissible design tolerances shall be provided underrequirements in Section 5.8.2.1 Diameter TolerancesThe internal diameter shall notvary from the designated diameter by more than 65mmforpipe 300 mm in diameter; by more than 66 mm for pipe 375or 450 mm in diameter; by more than 68 mm for
40、pipe 525 mmin diameter; by more than 610 mm for pipe 600 to 900 mm indiameter; and by more than 61 % for pipe larger than 900 mmin diameter.8.2.2 Handling Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThemaximum variation in the nominal position of the reinforce-ment shall be 6 10 % of the wall thickness or 616
41、 mm,whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the position ofthe reinforcement exceeding those specified above shall beaccepted if the three-edge bearing strength requirements aremet by a representative sample. In no case, however, shall thecover over the circumferential reinforcement be less
42、than 13mm.8.2.3 Laying Length TolerancesThe length of any sectionof pipe shall not vary more than 13 mm from a specified ordesignated design length. The length of two opposite sides ofany section of pipe shall not vary more than 6 mm or 2 % of thedesignated diameter, whichever is larger.8.2.4 Wall T
43、hickness TolerancesThe wall thickness shallnot be less than the thickness specified under 5.1.3 by morethan 5 % or 3 mm for pipe 300 to 600 mm in diameter,whichever is greater; and by more than 5 % or 5 mm for pipelarger than 600 mm in diameter, whichever is greater. Local-ized variations in wall th
44、ickness exceeding those specifiedabove shall be accepted if the physical test requirementsspecified herein are met. A wall thickness greater than thatrequired by the design is not a cause for rejection, except thatsuch pipe shall not be used for tests required in Section 4.8.2.5 Straightness Toleran
45、cesPipe intended to be straightshall not vary in alignment more than 10 mm/m of length.9. Acceptance of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five repre-sentative specimens, or special test pipe that are shorter thanstandard production pipe, as agreed upon by the owner andmanufacturer,
46、shall be tested to cracking strength and theresults recorded. Compute the values in 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for thecracking strength.9.1.1 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s,byEq1or Eq 2, that yield identical values, as follows:s 5 =(Xi X!2#/n 1! (1)s 5 =(Xi2 (Xi!2/n/n 1! (2)where:Xi= observed valu
47、e of the load to develop the crackingstrength,X= average (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi,Xs= computed minimum allowable arithmetic mean,n = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs,by Eq 3. In Eq 3, the value of the estimated standard deviation,s, shall
48、 be as calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or equal to 0.07L,whichever is greater.Xs5 L 1 1.07 s (3)where:L = specification limit (designated strength)9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmeticmean Xfor the cracking strength is equal to or greater than thecomputed values of Xs, and if all th
49、e tested specimens meet orexceed the specification limit.9.2 Alternative Acceptance MethodThe manufacturershall be allowed to request approval of designs based onempirical evaluations of the strength of the pipe including, butnot limited to, designs based on interpolation between designsapproved in accordance with 10.1, or designs evaluated on thebasis of tests other than the three-edge bearing test method.Acceptance of design tests need not be performed for eachcontract or order.TABLE 1 Standard Designated Internal Diameters,
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