1、Designation: C985M 13Standard Specification forNonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer Pipe (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C985M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipedesigned for specified strengths and intend
3、ed to be used for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water andfor the construction of culverts.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specifi-cation C985.NOTE 1This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specifica-tion only and does not include requirements for
4、 bedding, backfill, or therelationship between field load conditions and the designated strength ofthe pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performanceof this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, typeof bedding and backfill, and care that the installatio
5、n conforms to theconstruction specifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specifiedherein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with thepipe strength specified and provide inspection at the construction site.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A82/A82M Specification fo
6、r Steel Wire, Plain, for ConcreteReinforcementA185/A185M Specification for Steel Welded WireReinforcement, Plain, for ConcreteA496/A496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete ReinforcementA497/A497M Specification for Steel Welded WireReinforcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA615/A615M Spec
7、ification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150 Specification for Portland CementC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or Tile (Metric)C595 Specific
8、ation for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concre
9、te andShotcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determinedin accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design
10、 has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously inaccordance with Section 9, production pipe shall be accepted inaccordance with 4.2.4.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and MaterialTests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5
11、, 6, 8, and 11.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. Forguidance, see Practice E105.4.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when it conforms to the requirements as indicatedby the specified tests.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shal
12、l provide the following informa-tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance and supporting data,5.1.2 Designated pipe strength,5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint details,5.1.4 Admixtures,5.1.5 Manufacturing and curing proc
13、ess, and1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.01 onNon-Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Drain and Irrigation Pipe.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2013. Published September 2013. Originallyapproved in 1983
14、. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C985M 04(2010).DOI: 10.1520/C0985M-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
15、e onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.1.6 Handling Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecification, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerance, diameter, spacin
16、gand cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, andspecial reinforcement.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitiousmaterials, mineral aggregates, and water.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requi
17、rementsfor portland cement of Specification C150, or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall
18、conform to the requirementsof Specification C618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use inConcrete and Mortars (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to therequirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of CementitiousMaterialsThe combinat
19、ion of cementitious materials used inthe concrete shall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement and fly ash, or(6) A combination of portl
20、and cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag.(7) A combination of Portland Cement, Ground GranulatedBlast Furnace Slag (not to exceed 25 % of the total cementi-tious weight), and Fly Ash (not to exceed 25 % of the totalcementitious weight).6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the requ
21、ire-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsChemical admixtures andblends shall conform to Specification C494/C494M.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A82/A82M or Specificatio
22、nA496/A496M, or of wire fabric conforming to SpecificationsA185/A185M or Specification A497/A497M, or of bars ofGrade 300 steel conforming to Specification A615/A615M.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned, and mixed with cementitious materials, water,and adm
23、ixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly-mixed concretemixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the designand test requirements of this specification.6.2.2 Handling ReinforcementCircumferential handlingreinforcement shall be provided in all pipe larger than 900 mmin diameter.6.2.2.1 Pla
24、cementWhere one line of circular reinforce-ment is used, it shall be placed between 30 and 50 % of thewall thickness from the inside surface. Where two lines ofcircular reinforcement are used, each line shall be so placedthat the protective covering over the circumferential reinforce-ment in the wal
25、l of the section shall be 25 mm.6.2.2.2 SplicesIf the splices are not welded, the reinforce-ment shall be lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformedbars, and 40 diameters for plain bars and cold-drawn wire.When splices are welded and are not lapped to the minimumrequirements above, there shall b
26、e a minimum lap of 50 mmand pull tests of representative specimens shall develop at least50 % of the minimum specified strength of the steel.6.2.2.3 SpacingHandling reinforcements shall be indi-vidual hoops or shall be formed into a cage or cages. It shall bedistributed along the length of the pipe
27、section, or one half ofthe minimum reinforcement shall be allowed to be placed ineach of the extreme quarters of the length of a 2.4-m or lesspipe section, or one third of the minimum reinforcement shallbe allowed to be placed in each third of the length of a longerthan 2.4-m pipe section. Additiona
28、lly, at least 75 % of theminimum area shall be located not less than one fifteenth of thelength of the pipe section from any portion of the joint.6.2.2.4 AreaThe minimum area of circumferential han-dling reinforcement shall be equal to 0.06 (D + t)2in squaremm per m of pipe, where “D” equals the des
29、ignated diameterin mm and “t” equals the wall thickness in mm.6.2.2.5 Special DesignsThe manufacturer shall be al-lowed to submit special designs to the owner for approval.Approval shall be based on structural calculations or on loadtests. The minimum ultimate three-edge bearing load shall beequal t
30、o the weight of the pipe and shall be sustained by thepipe after cracking at the top, bottom and sides the full lengthof the pipe. The pipe shall also meet the strength requirementsof Section 7 and Section 10 or 11, or both.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the endsof the concrete p
31、ipe sections so formed that when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha smooth interior free from appreciable irregularities in theflowline, all compatible with the permissible variations givenin Section 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes
32、or holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for thepurpose of handling.6.3 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropyl-ene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturersoption, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturingmaterial. Only Type III synthetic fibers de
33、signed and manufac-tured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to therequirements of Specification C1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Properties7.1 Pipe StrengthPipe strength may be either a designatedstrength or a cracking strength. The designated strength is thatspecified as the minimum
34、 load required to produce the crackingstrength when tested in three-edge bearing in accordance withTest Methods C497M. The cracking strength is the actualmaximum load observed in the three-edge bearing test, andshall be assumed to have been reached when any continuousC985M 132visible crack caused by
35、 the test load exceeds 300 mm in lengthmeasured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe.NOTE 3For pipe made without handling steel, the designated strengthis the minimum load required to produce the ordinary nonreinforced pipeload at ultimate failure. For safety reasons, do not look for a visi
36、ble crackduring a three-edge bearing test of pipe without reinforcing.7.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shallfurnish, without charge, all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.7.3 Test MethodsThe tests for crushing strength
37、shall bemade in accordance with Test Methods C497M. When alter-native methods of load testing are specified, tests shall be madein accordance with the alternative requirements.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in thestandard designated internal
38、diameters listed in Table 1.NOTE 4Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 may beavailable. When such sizes are required, the owner shall contact themanufacturers in the project area.8.2 Design TolerancesExcept as specified in this section,all permissible design tolerances shall be provided under
39、requirements in Section 5.8.2.1 Diameter TolerancesThe internal diameter shall notvary from the designated diameter by more than 65mmforpipe 300 mm in diameter; by more than 66 mm for pipe 375or 450 mm in diameter; by more than 68 mm for pipe 525 mmin diameter; by more than 610 mm for pipe 600 to 90
40、0 mm indiameter; and by more than 61 % for pipe larger than 900 mmin diameter.8.2.2 Handling Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThemaximum variation in the nominal position of the reinforce-ment shall be 6 10 % of the wall thickness or 616 mm,whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the positi
41、on ofthe reinforcement exceeding those specified above shall beaccepted if the three-edge bearing strength requirements aremet by a representative sample. In no case, however, shall thecover over the circumferential reinforcement be less than 13mm.8.2.3 Laying Length TolerancesThe length of any sect
42、ionof pipe shall not vary more than 13 mm from a specified ordesignated design length. The length of two opposite sides ofany section of pipe shall not vary more than 6 mm or 2 % of thedesignated diameter, whichever is larger.8.2.4 Wall Thickness TolerancesThe wall thickness shallnot be less than th
43、e thickness specified under 5.1.3 by morethan 5 % or 3 mm for pipe 300 to 600 mm in diameter,whichever is greater; and by more than 5 % or 5 mm for pipelarger than 600 mm in diameter, whichever is greater. Local-ized variations in wall thickness exceeding those specifiedabove shall be accepted if th
44、e physical test requirementsspecified herein are met. A wall thickness greater than thatrequired by the design is not a cause for rejection, except thatsuch pipe shall not be used for tests required in Section 4.8.2.5 Straightness TolerancesPipe intended to be straightshall not vary in alignment mor
45、e than 10 mm/m of length.9. Acceptance of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five repre-sentative specimens, or special test pipe that are shorter thanstandard production pipe, as agreed upon by the owner andmanufacturer, shall be tested to cracking strength and theresults recorded.
46、Compute the values in 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for thecracking strength.9.1.1 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s,byEq 1or Eq 2, that yield identical values, as follows:s 5 =(Xi2 X!2#/n 2 1! (1)s 5 =(Xi22 (Xi!2/n#/n 2 1! (2)where:Xi= observed value of the load to develop the crackingstrength,X= avera
47、ge (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi,Xs= computed minimum allowable arithmetic mean,n = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs,by Eq 3.InEq 3, the value of the estimated standard deviation,s, shall be as calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or equal to 0.07L,whic
48、hever is greater.Xs5 L11.07 s (3)where:L = specification limit (designated strength)9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmeticmean Xfor the cracking strength is equal to or greater than thecomputed values of Xs, and if all the tested specimens meet orexceed the specification limit.9
49、.2 Alternative Acceptance MethodThe manufacturershall be allowed to request approval of designs based onempirical evaluations of the strength of the pipe including, butnot limited to, designs based on interpolation between designsapproved in accordance with 10.1, or designs evaluated on thebasis of tests other than the three-edge bearing test method.Acceptance of design tests need not be performed for eachcontract or order.10. Acceptance of Pipe by Load Testing10.1 Lot SamplingThe owner shall randomly select fromthe lot a sample of
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