1、Designation: C999 05 (Reapproved 2010)1C999 17Standard Practice forSoil Sample Preparation for the Determination ofRadionuclides1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C999; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in June 2010.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the preparation of surf
3、ace soil samples collected for chemical analysis of radionuclides, radionuclideconstituents, particularly uranium and plutonium. This practice describes one acceptable approach to the preparation of soilsamples for radiochemical analysis.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standa
4、rd. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicab
5、ility of regulatorylimitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.37.3.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standard
6、s, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC998 Practice for Sampling Surface Soil for RadionuclidesC1402 Guide for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray
7、Spectrometry of Soil SamplesE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves3. Terminology3.1 Except as otherwise defined herein, definitions of terms are as given in Terminology C859.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Guidance is provided for the preparation of a homogeneous soil sample fro
8、m ten composited core samples (aggregate weightof 4 to 5 kg) collected as to be representative of the area.5. Significance and Use5.1 Soil samples prepared for radionuclide analyses by this practice can be used to monitor fallout distribution from nuclearfacilities. characterize radionuclide constit
9、uents. This practice is intended to produce a homogeneous sample from which arelatively small aliquot (10 g) smaller aliquots may be drawn for radiochemical analyses.radionuclide characterization.5.2 Most nuclear facilities fulfill major requirements of their monitoring programs by Many soil charact
10、erization plans forradionuclide constituents utilize gamma-ray spectrometry measurements of soil. soil to quantify a number of possible gammaemitting analytes.Awidely used practice for these measurements is to fill a calibrated sample container, such as a Marinelli beaker(;600-mL volume), with a hom
11、ogenized soil sample. sample for counting such as what may be done using Guide C1402. By1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycleand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods of Test.Current edition approved June 1, 2010June 1, 2017. P
12、ublished June 2010July 2017. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 asC999 05.C999 05 (2010)1. DOI: 10.1520/C0999-05R10E01.10.1520/C0999-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
13、nual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not b
14、e technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
15、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1preparing the entire soil core collection, sufficient homogeneous sample is available for radiochemical and such gamma-rayspectrometry and other radiochemical measurements.6. Apparatus6.1 Scale, capacity of 10 kg.6.2 Drying Oven, able t
16、o maintain 62C.6.3 Pans, disposable aluminum.6.4 Jar Mill, capacity for 7.57-L (2-gal) cans.6.5 Steel Cans and Lids, 7.57-L (2-gal).6.6 Ceramic Rods, 21 by 21-mm (1316 by 1316-in.) or steel grinding balls, 25.4-mm (1-in.) diameter.6.7 Sieve, U.S. Series No. 35 (500-m or 32 mesh).6.8 Plastic Bottles,
17、 7.57-L (2-gal).7. Procedure7.1 Label a cleaned 7.57-L (2gal) steel can and lid with a unique laboratory code number.7.2 Weigh the labeled steel can and lid. Record the weight.7.3 Transfer the ten soil cores (including vegetation) from the field collection containers containers, such as may have bee
18、ncollected using Practice C998, into the labeled, preweighed steel can. Do not pack the can full. Place the steel lid loosely on thecan. (WarningWear gloves throughout the preparation procedure to minimize the possibility of fungus infection.)7.4 Weigh the sample cores, steel can, and lid to 650 g.
19、Record the weight.7.5 Remove the lid and place the sample in a 110C drying oven for 24 h or longer, depending on the depth of soil in the can,until the sample has reached constant weight.7.6 Remove the sample from the oven, cap the can with its lid, and cool to room temperature.7.7 Weigh the dried s
20、ample cores, steel can, and lid to 650 g. Record the weight.7.8 Remove the can lid and add 10 to 12 ceramic rods (21 by 21-mm) or steel balls (25.4mm diameter) to the can.7.9 Replace the lid and tightly seal the sample can.7.10 Place the sample can on a jar mill for at least 4 h, or overnight if pos
21、sible, at 30 r/min.7.11 Remove the sample can from the mill and place in a hood.7.12 Allow the sample to settle for a few minutes.7.13 Label a 7.57-L (2-gal) plastic jar and cap with the laboratory code number of the sample.7.14 Remove the lid from the sample can and transfer a portion of the sample
22、 to a U.S. Series No. 35 (500-m or 32 mesh)sieve.7.15 Sieve the sample and transfer the sieved fraction to the prelabeled plastic jar.7.16 Repeat the sieving and transfer steps until the entire sample has been processed.7.17 Remove the ceramic rods or steel balls from the unsieved material.7.18 Plac
23、e the unsieved material in the can and replace the lid.7.19 Weigh, record the weight, and discard the unsieved material and can. (CautionThe unsieved material should consist ofrocks, stones, and sandy matter. sandy matter, and any remaining vegetation. If soil clumps remain, additional milling is re
24、quired.)(CautionThe ceramic or steel grinding media and the sieve must be cleaned thoroughly prior to reuse to eliminate the possibilityof cross-contamination of samples.)7.20 Remove a suitable aliquot of the sample from the jar for radiochemical analysis.analysis using for example Guide C1402.7.21
25、Cap the sample jar tightly. Wash and dry the outside of the container prior to storage.8. Calculation8.1 Wet Weight of the Composited Soil CoresThe wet weight (W) of the composited soil cores is the weight measured priorto oven-drying the cores as follows:W 5T 2C (1)where:C999 172W = wet weight of t
26、he composited soil cores, g,T = weight of the soil cores, steel can, and lid, g (from 6.4), andT = weight of the soil cores, steel can, and lid, g (from 7.4), andC = weight of the empty steel can and lid, g (from 6.2).C = weight of the empty steel can and lid, g (from 7.2).8.2 Dry Weight of the Comp
27、osited Soil CoresThe dryweight (D) of the composited soil cores is the weight measured afterdrying the cores at 110C as follows:D 5N 2C (2)where:D = dry (110C) weight of the soil cores, g,N = weight of the dried (110C) soil cores, steel can, and lid, g (from 6.7), andN = weight of the dried (110C) s
28、oil cores, steel can, and lid, g (from 7.7), andC = weight of the empty steel can and lid, g (from 6.2).C = weight of the empty steel can and lid, g (from 7.2).8.3 Bulk Density of the Soil CoresThe bulk density (B) of the soil cores may be estimated from the wet weight of the cores(W) and the number
29、 of cores collected for compositing, times the volume of the sampling corer used in the field collection.B 5W!/F 3V! (3)where:B = bulk density of the composited soil cores, g/cm3,W = weight of the composited soil cores, g, (from 7.1),W = weight of the composited soil cores, g, (from 8.1),F = number
30、of soil cores collected and composited (10 cores in accordance with Practice C998), andV = volume of sampling corer used for the field collection, cm3.8.4 Weight of Unsieved MaterialThe weight of the unsieved material, consisting primarily of rocks and stones, is obtained fordocumentation purposes.9
31、 Keywords9.1 environmental; preparation; radionuclides; soilC999 173APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RATIONALEX1.1 A soil sampling and analysis program provides a direct means of determining the concentration and distribution pattern ofradionuclides in the environs of nuclear facilities.3X1.2
32、This practice was developed to minimize sample handling and economic costs while providing a final sample homogeneityadequate for the intended radiochemical analyses. For these reasons, the soil cores collected in the field are treated as a singlesample without preliminary subdivision into arbitrary
33、 fractions, such as +2-mm or 2-mm sizes. Vegetation is not separated fromthe cores because it contributes little to the volume or bulk density of the sample. Rocks and stones allowed to remain in the sampleduring the milling operation act as additional grinding media. After the milling operation, th
34、e rocks and stones may be discardedbecause these materials would not contain radionuclides originating from a nuclear facility release.X1.3 The milling of the soil to No. 35 (500-m or 32 mesh, see Table X1.1) sieve size is based on consideration of the particlesize of plutonium present in soil at th
35、ree sites of releases. Tamura4 developed empirical information which shows that essentially100 % of the plutonium is present in the No. 35 sieve fraction. Also see Specification E11.3 “Measurements of Radionuclides in the Environment: Sampling and Analysis of Plutonium in Soil,” Atomic Energy Commis
36、sion Regulatory Guide 4.5, May 1974.4 Tamura, T., “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Plutonium in Existing Contaminated Soils and Sediments,” Proceedings of the Symposium on TransuraniumNuclides in the Environment, IAEA Pub ST1/PUB/410, Vienna, 1976.TABLE X1.1 Various Sieve Size DesignationsU
37、S. Series Designation TylerScreenScaleEquivalentSieve Opening,in. (approximateequivalent)Alternative StandardNo. 4 4.75 mm 4 mesh 0.187No. 6 3.35 mm 6 mesh 0.132No. 8 2.36 mm 8 mesh 0.0937No. 10 2.00 mm 9 mesh 0.0787No. 12 1.70 mm 10 mesh 0.0661No. 14 1.40 mm 12 mesh 0.0555No. 16 1.18 mm 14 mesh 0.
38、0469No. 18 1.00 mm 16 mesh 0.0394No. 20 850 m 20 mesh 0.0331No. 30 600 m 28 mesh 0.0234No. 35 500 m 32 mesh 0.0197No. 40 425 m 35 mesh 0.0165No. 45 355 m 42 mesh 0.0139No. 50 300 m 48 mesh 0.0117No. 60 250 m 60 mesh 0.0098No. 70 212 m 65 mesh 0.0083No. 80 180 m 80 mesh 0.0070No. 100 150 m 100 mesh 0
39、0059No. 120 125 m 115 mesh 0.0049No. 140 106 m 150 mesh 0.0041No. 170 90 m 170 mesh 0.0035No. 200 75 m 200 mesh 0.0029No. 230 63 m 250 mesh 0.0025No. 270 53 m 270 mesh 0.0021No. 325 45 m 325 mesh 0.0017C999 174ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserte
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