1、Designation: D 1003 07Standard Test Method forHaze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1003; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This test method has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense to replace Method 3022 of Federal Test MethodStandard
3、406.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of specificlight-transmitting and wide-angle-light-scattering properties ofplanar sections of materials such as essentially transparentplastic. Two procedures are provided for the measurement ofluminous transmittance and haze. Procedure A uses
4、a hazeme-ter as described in Section 5 and Procedure B uses a spectro-photometer as described in Section 8. Material having a hazevalue greater than 30 % is considered diffusing and should betested in accordance with Practice E 167.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.NOTE
5、 1For greater discrimination among materials that scatter a highpercent of light within a narrow forward angle, such as is the case withabraded transparent plastics, adjust the hazemeter and perform measure-ments in accordance with Test Method D 1044.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all
6、 of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 2This test method is not equivalent to ISO 134681 andISO/DI
7、S 14782.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1044 Test Method for Resistance of Transparent Plasticsto Surface AbrasionD 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics3E 167 Practice for Goniophotometry of Obje
8、cts and Mate-rials3E 259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder WhiteReflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemisphericaland Bi-Directional GeometriesE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standar
9、ds:4ISO 134681 PlasticsDetermination of the Total Lumi-nous Transmittance of Transparent MaterialsISO/DIS 14782 PlasticsDetermination of Haze of Trans-parent Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms applicable to this test method aredefined in Terminologies D 883 and E 284.3.2 Definitions of Term
10、s Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 haze, nin transmission, the scattering of light by aspecimen responsible for the reduction in contrast of objectsviewed through it. The percent of transmitted light that isscattered so that its direction deviates more than a specifiedangle from the direction of the
11、incident beam.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the specified angleis 0.044 rad (2.5).3.2.2 luminous, adjweighted according to the spectralluminous efficiency function V() of the CIE (1987).3.2.3 luminous transmittance, nthe ratio of the luminousflux transmitted by a body to the flux incident u
12、pon it.4. Significance and Use4.1 Light that is scattered upon passing through a film orsheet of a material can produce a hazy or smoky field whenobjects are viewed through the material. Another effect can beveiling glare, as occurs in an automobile windshield whendriving into the sun.4.2 Although h
13、aze measurements are made most commonlyby the use of a hazemeter, a spectrophotometer may be used,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Publishe
14、d November 2007. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 1003 - 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Doc
15、ument Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO B
16、ox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 20 21:58:18 EST 2007Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.provided that it meets the geometric and spectral requirementsof
17、 Section 5. The use of a spectrophotometer for haze mea-surement of plastics can provide valuable diagnostic data onthe origin of the haze,5and Procedure B is devoted to the useof a spectrophotometer.4.2.1 Procedure A (hazemeter) test values are normallyslightly higher and less variable than Procedu
18、re B (spectropho-tometer) test values.4.3 Regular luminous transmittance is obtained by placing aclear specimen at some distance from the entrance port of theintegrating sphere. However, when the specimen is hazy, thetotal hemispherical luminous transmittance must be measuredby placing the specimen
19、at the entrance port of the sphere. Themeasured total hemispherical luminous transmittance will begreater than the regular luminous transmittance, depending onthe optical properties of the sample. With this test method, thespecimen is necessarily placed at the entrance port of thesphere in order to
20、measure haze and total hemisphericalluminous transmittance.4.4 Haze data representative of the material may be ob-tained by avoiding heterogeneous surface or internal defectsnot characteristic of the material.4.5 Haze and luminous-transmittance data are especiallyuseful for quality control and speci
21、fication purposes.4.6 Before proceeding with this test method, referenceshould be made to the specification of the material being tested.Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, ortesting parameters, or combination thereof, covered in thematerials specification shall take precedence
22、over those men-tioned in this test method. If there are no material specifica-tions, then the default conditions apply.5. Test Specimens5.1 Sample the material in accordance with PracticeD 1898. Obtain specimens that are free of defects not charac-teristic of the material unless such defects constit
23、ute variablesunder study.5.2 Cut each test specimen to a size large enough to coverthe entrance port of the sphere. A disk 50 mm 2 in. indiameter, or a square with sides of the same dimensions, issuggested. The specimen shall have substantially plane-parallelsurfaces free of dust, grease, scratches,
24、 and blemishes, and itshall be free of visibly distinct internal voids and particles,unless it is specifically desired to measure the contribution tohaze due to these imperfections.5.3 Prepare three specimens to test each sample of a givenmaterial unless specified otherwise in the applicable materia
25、lspecification.6. Conditioning6.1 ConditioningUnless otherwise required in the appro-priate materials specification or agreed between customer/supplier, condition the test specimens at 23 6 2C 73.4 63.6F and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less than 40 hprior to test, in accordance with Procedure
26、Aof Practice D 618.In case of disagreements, the tolerances shall be 61C 1.8Fand 62 % relative humidity.6.2 Test ConditionsSet up the test apparatus in an atmo-sphere maintained at 23 6 2C 73.4 6 3.6F and 50 6 5%relative humidity.7. Procedure AHazemeter7.1 Apparatus:7.1.1 The instrument used for mea
27、surement shall meet thegeometric and spectral requirements of this section.6,77.1.2 A light source and a photodetector shall be supplied,and the combination shall be filtered to provide an outputcorresponding to the luminosity response of the 1931 CIEStandard Colorimetric Observer with CIE Standard
28、IlluminantC or, alternatively, Illuminant A. The output shall be propor-tional to within 1 % to the incident flux over the range of fluxused. The photometric stability for source and detector must beconstant throughout the test of each specimen.7.1.3 Use an integrating sphere to collect transmitted
29、flux;the sphere may be of any diameter as long as the total portareas do not exceed 4.0 % of the internal reflecting area of thesphere. The entrance and exit ports shall be centered on thesame great circle of the sphere, and there shall be at least 2.97rad (170) of arc between centers. The exit port
30、 shall subtendan angle of 0.14 rad (8) at the center of the entrance port. Withthe light trap in position, without the specimen, the axis of theirradiating beam shall pass through the centers of the entranceand exit ports. For a hazemeter, position the photocell orphotocells on the sphere 1.57 6 0.1
31、7 rad (90 6 10) from theentrance port and baffle it from direct exposure to the entranceport. In the pivotable modification where the interior walladjacent to the exit port is used as the reflectance reference, theangle of rotation of the sphere shall be 0.140 6 0.008 rad (8.06 0.5).7.1.4 Illuminate
32、 the specimen by a substantially unidirec-tional beam; the maximum angle that any ray of this beam maymake with the beam axis shall not exceed 0.05 rad (3). Thisbeam shall not be vignetted at either port of the sphere.7.1.5 When the specimen is placed against the entrance portof the integrating sphe
33、re, the angle between the perpendicularto the specimen and a line connecting the centers of entranceand exit ports shall not exceed 0.14 rad (8).7.1.6 When the beam is unobstructed by a specimen, itscross section at the exit port shall be approximately circular,sharply defined, and concentric within
34、 the exit port, leaving anannulus of 0.023 6 0.002 rad (1.3 6 0.1) subtended at theentrance port.NOTE 3It is important to verify whether the unobstructed-beamdiameter and centering at the exit port are maintained, especially if thesource aperture and focus are changed.5Billmeyer, F. W., Jr., and Che
35、n, Y., “On the Measurement of Haze,” ColorResearch and Application, Vol 10, 1985, pp. 219224.6The sole source of supply of the hazemeter known to the committee at this timeis BYK-Gardner USA 9104 Guilford Road Columbia, MD 21046.7If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informa
36、tion toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D1003072Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 20 21:58:18 EST 2007Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to Lice
37、nse Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.NOTE 4The tolerance stated on the annulus of 0.002 rad (0.1)corresponds to an uncertainty of 60.6 % in a haze reading.8This isrelevant for assessing the precision and bias of this test method.7.1.7 The surfaces of the interior of the integrating sph
38、ere,baffles, and reflectance standard, if used, shall be of equalreflectance, matte, and highly reflecting throughout the visiblespectrum.97.1.8 Alight trap shall be provided that will absorb the beamcompletely when no specimen is present, or the instrumentdesign shall obviate the need for a light t
39、rap.7.1.9 Aschematic drawing of the optics of a hazemeter withunidirectional illumination and diffuse viewing is shown inFig. 1.7.1.10 A series of calibrated haze standards is required forperiodic verification of the accuracy of instrumental response.Ideally, if the haze of narrow-angle-scattering s
40、pecimens (suchas plastic films) is to be measured, narrow-angle-scatteringglass standards should be used;6,8however, these are notknown to be commercially available. In their absence, wide-angle-plastic standards10,7may be used, but these are lesssensitive to the size and centering of the annulus de
41、scribed byBillmeyer and Chen5and Weidner and Hsia,9and particularattention should be paid to Note 1 when only plastic hazestandards are used.7.2 Procedure:7.2.1 Determine the following four readings:ReadingDesignationSpecimenin PositionLight Trapin PositionReflectanceStandardin PositionQuantity Repr
42、esentedT1no no yes incident lightT2yes no yes total light transmitted byspecimenT3no yes no light scattered by instru-mentT4yes yes no light scattered by instru-ment and specimen7.2.2 Repeat readings for T1,T2,T3, and T4with additionalspecified positions of the specimen to determine uniformity.7.3 C
43、alculation11:7.3.1 Calculate total transmittance, Tt(Note 5), equal toT2/T1.7.3.2 Calculate diffuse transmittance, Td(Note 5), as fol-lows:Td5 T42 T3T2/ T1!# / T1(1)7.3.3 Calculate percent haze as follows:haze 5 Td/ Tt3 100 (2)NOTE 5To obtain the greatest accuracy in luminous transmittancemeasuremen
44、t when using a single-beam instrument, it is necessary to usea standard, calibrated with a double-beam instrument, because insertion ofthe sample in the single-beam instrument changes the efficiency of thesphere. This change may result in spuriously high readings for clear,colorless samples and sign
45、ificant errors for dark or highly saturated colors.In these cases, the photometer should be used as a comparison instrumentwith a standard of known transmittance similar to that of the specimen.For greatest accuracy of luminous transmittance measurement, comparethe transmittance of the specimen with
46、 that of a calibrated standard ofsimilar luminous transmittance.7.4 Report:7.4.1 Report the following data:7.4.1.1 Source and identity of specimen,7.4.1.2 Nominal thickness of specimen to the nearest 0.0025mm or better for specimens less than 0.25 mm in thickness andto the nearest 0.025 mm or better
47、 for specimens greater than0.25 mm in thickness,7.4.1.3 Total luminous transmittance, Tt, to the nearest0.1 % (indicate the average when reporting average values andspecify whether CIE Illuminant C or A is used),7.4.1.4 Diffuse luminous transmittance, Td, to the nearest0.1 % (indicate the average wh
48、en reporting average values),and7.4.1.5 Percent haze, to the nearest 0.1 % (indicate theaverage when reporting average values).7.5 Precision and BiasHazemeter:7.5.1 Precision:7.5.1.1 Table 1 and Table 2 are based on a round robinconducted in 1985, in accordance with Practice E 691, involv-ing six fi
49、lm materials tested by 11 laboratories. In the roundrobin, each laboratory that measured a property made eightreplicate measurements of the property for each of the sixmaterials listed as 1 to 6 in Table 1 and Table 2.7.5.1.2 Table 3 is based on a round robin conducted in 1991involving eight materials and six laboratories. This table can bedirectly compared to Table 4 (Spectrophotometer).(WarningThe following explanations of r and R (7.5.1.3-7.5.1.7) are intended to present only a meaningful way ofconsidering the approximate precision of t
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