1、Designation:D100311 1 D100313 Standard Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation D1003; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense. This test method replaces Method 3022 of Fed
3、eral Test Method Standard 406. e 1 NOTEEditorially corrected in November 2011. 1. Scope* 1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of specic light-transmitting and wide-angle-light-scattering properties of planar sections of materials such as essentially transparent plastic. Two procedures are prov
4、ided for the measurement of luminous transmittance and haze. Procedure A uses a hazemeter as described in Section 5 and Procedure B uses a spectrophotometer as described in Section 8. Material having a haze value greater than 30% is considered diffusing and should be tested in accordance with Practi
5、ce E2387. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. NOTE1Forgreaterdiscriminationamongmaterialsthatscatterahighpercentoflightwithinanarrowforwardangle,suchasisthecasewithabraded transparent plastics, adjust the hazemeter and perform measurements in accordance with Test Method
6、 D1044. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. NOTE 2
7、This test method is not equivalent to ISO 13468-1 and ISO/DIS 14782. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing D883Terminology Relating to Plastics D1044Test Method for Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion E259Practice for Prep
8、aration of Pressed Powder White Reectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical and Bi-Directional Geometries E284Terminology of Appearance E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method E2387Practice for Goniometric Optical Scatter Measurement
9、s 2.2 ISO Standards: 3 ISO 13468-1PlasticsDetermination of the Total Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Materials ISO/DIS 14782PlasticsDetermination of Haze of Transparent Materials 3. Terminology 3.1 DenitionsTerms applicable to this test method are dened in Terminologies D883 and E284. 3.2 Deni
10、tions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 3.2.1 haze, nin transmission, the scattering of light by a specimen responsible for the reduction in contrast of objects viewed through it. The percent of transmitted light that is scattered so that its direction deviates more than a specied angle from the dir
11、ection of the incident beam. 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties. Current edition approved April 15, 2011Nov. 15, 2013. Published April 2011November 2013. Originally approved in 1
12、949. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 as D1003-07D1003-11 e1 . DOI: 10.1520/D1003-11.10.1520/D1003-13. 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.For Annual Book ofASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Doc
13、ument Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes hav
14、e been made to the previous version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official do
15、cument. *ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States 13.2.1.1 Discussion In this test method, the specied angle is 0.044 rad (2.5). 3.2.2 luminous, adjweighted accordi
16、ng to the spectral luminous efficiency function V() of the CIE (1987). 3.2.3 luminous transmittance, nthe ratio of the luminous ux transmitted by a body to the ux incident upon it. 4. Signicance and Use 4.1 Light that is scattered upon passing through a lm or sheet of a material can produce a hazy o
17、r smoky eld when objects are viewed through the material.Another effect can be veiling glare, as occurs in an automobile windshield when driving into the sun. 4.2 Although haze measurements are made most commonly by the use of a hazemeter, a spectrophotometer may be used, providedthatitmeetsthegeome
18、tricandspectralrequirementsofSection5.Theuseofaspectrophotometerforhazemeasurement of plastics can provide valuable diagnostic data on the origin of the haze, 4 and Procedure B is devoted to the use of a spectrophotometer. 4.2.1 ProcedureA(hazemeter) test values are normally slightly higher and less
19、 variable than Procedure B (spectrophotometer) test values. 4.3 Regular luminous transmittance is obtained by placing a clear specimen at some distance from the entrance port of the integrating sphere. However, when the specimen is hazy, the total hemispherical luminous transmittance must be measure
20、d by placing the specimen at the entrance port of the sphere. The measured total hemispherical luminous transmittance will be greater than the regular luminous transmittance, depending on the optical properties of the sample. With this test method, the specimen is necessarily placed at the entrance
21、port of the sphere in order to measure haze and total hemispherical luminous transmittance. 4.4 Haze data representative of the material may be obtained by avoiding heterogeneous surface or internal defects not characteristic of the material. 4.5 Haze and luminous-transmittance data are especially u
22、seful for quality control and specication purposes. 4.6 Beforeproceedingwiththistestmethod,referenceshouldbemadetothespecicationofthematerialbeingtested.Anytest specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the materials specicationshalltak
23、eprecedenceoverthosementionedinthistestmethod.Iftherearenomaterialspecications,thenthedefault conditions apply. 5. Test Specimens 5.1 Sampling shall be statistically adequate to ensure that the specimens were obtained and produced by a process in statistical control. Obtain specimens that are free o
24、f defects not characteristic of the material unless such defects constitute variables under study. 5.2 Cut each test specimen to a size large enough to cover the entrance port of the sphere. A disk 50 mm (2 in.) in diameter, or a square with sides of the same dimensions, is suggested. The specimen s
25、hall have substantially plane-parallel surfaces free of dust, grease, scratches, and blemishes, and it shall be free of visibly distinct internal voids and particles, unless it is specically desired to measure the contribution to haze due to these imperfections. 5.3 Prepare three specimens to test e
26、ach sample of a given material unless specied otherwise in the applicable material specication. NOTE 3Specimen type and preparation can inuence the actual haze of the materials being tested. 6. Conditioning 6.1 ConditioningUnless otherwise required in the appropriate materials specication or agreed
27、between customer/supplier, condition the test specimens at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 10% relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to test, in accordance with ProcedureAof Practice D618. In case of disagreements, the tolerances shall be61C (1.8F) and65% relative humidity. 6.2 TestCondition
28、sSetupthetestapparatusinanatmospheremaintainedat2362C(73.463.6F)and50610%relative humidity. 7. ProcedureAHazemeter 7.1 Apparatus: 7.1.1 The instrument used for measurement shall meet the geometric and spectral requirements of this section. 5,6 4 Billmeyer, F. W., Jr., and Chen, Y., On the Measuremen
29、t of Haze, Color Research and Application, Vol 10, 1985, pp. 219224. 5 The sole source of supply of the hazemeter known to the committee at this time is BYK-Gardner USA 9104 Guilford Road Columbia, MD 21046. D100313 27.1.2 A light source and a photodetector shall be supplied, and the combination sha
30、ll be ltered to provide an output corresponding to the luminosity response of the 1931 CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer with CIE Standard Illuminant C or, alternatively, Illuminant A. The output shall be proportional to within 1% to the incident ux over the range of ux used. The photometric stabil
31、ity for source and detector must be constant throughout the test of each specimen. 7.1.3 Use an integrating sphere to collect transmitted ux; the sphere may be of any diameter as long as the total port areas do notexceed4.0%oftheinternalreectingareaofthesphere.Theentranceandexitportsshallbecenteredo
32、nthesamegreatcircle of the sphere, and there shall be at least 2.97 rad (170) of arc between centers. The exit port shall subtend an angle of 0.14 rad (8) at the center of the entrance port. With the light trap in position, without the specimen, the axis of the irradiating beam shall pass through th
33、e centers of the entrance and exit ports. For a hazemeter, position the photocell or photocells on the sphere 1.57 6 0.17 rad (906 10) from the entrance port and baffle it from direct exposure to the entrance port. In the pivotable modication wheretheinteriorwalladjacenttotheexitportisusedasthereect
34、ancereference,theangleofrotationofthesphereshallbe0.140 6 0.008 rad (8.0 6 0.5). 7.1.4 Illuminate the specimen by a substantially unidirectional beam; the maximum angle that any ray of this beam may make with the beam axis shall not exceed 0.05 rad (3). This beam shall not be vignetted at either por
35、t of the sphere. 7.1.5 When the specimen is placed against the entrance port of the integrating sphere, the angle between the perpendicular to the specimen and a line connecting the centers of entrance and exit ports shall not exceed 0.14 rad (8). 7.1.6 When the beam is unobstructed by a specimen, i
36、ts cross section at the exit port shall be approximately circular, sharply dened, and concentric within the exit port, leaving an annulus of 0.0236 0.002 rad (1.36 0.1) subtended at the entrance port. NOTE4Itisimportanttoverifywhethertheunobstructed-beamdiameterandcenteringattheexitportaremaintained
37、,especiallyifthesourceaperture and focus are changed. NOTE 5The tolerance stated on the annulus of 0.002 rad (0.1) corresponds to an uncertainty of 60.6% in a haze reading. 7 This is relevant for assessing the precision and bias of this test method. 7.1.7 Thesurfacesoftheinterioroftheintegratingsphe
38、re,baffles,andreectancestandard,ifused,shallbeofequalreectance, matte, and highly reecting throughout the visible spectrum. 8 7.1.8 Alighttrapshallbeprovidedthatwillabsorbthebeamcompletelywhennospecimenispresent,ortheinstrumentdesign shall obviate the need for a light trap. 7.1.9 Aschematic drawing
39、of the optics of a hazemeter with unidirectional illumination and diffuse viewing is shown in Fig. 1. 7.1.10 Aseriesofcalibratedhazestandardsisrequiredforperiodicvericationoftheaccuracyofinstrumentalresponse.Ideally, if the haze of narrow-angle-scattering specimens (such as plastic lms) is to be mea
40、sured, narrow-angle-scattering glass standards should be used; 5,7 however, these are not known to be commercially available. In their absence, wide-angle-plastic standards 9,6 may be used, but these are less sensitive to the size and centering of the annulus described by Billmeyer and Chen 4 and We
41、idner and Hsia, 8 and particular attention should be paid to Note 1 when only plastic haze standards are used. 7.2 Procedure: 6 If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting
42、 of the responsible technical committee, 1 which you may attend. 7 Weidner, V. R., and Hsia, J. J., NBS Reference Hazemeter: Its Development and Testing, Applied Optics, Vol 18, 1979, pp. 16191626. 8 Highly reective matte barium sulfate paint or pressed polytetrauoroethylene powder are excellent for
43、 this purpose. See Practice E259. 9 The sole source of supply of the calibrated plastic haze standards known to the committee at this time is BYK-Gardner USA9104 Guilford Road Columbia, MD 21046. FIG. 1 Schematic of Hazemeter D100313 37.2.1 Determine the following four readings: Reading Designation
44、Specimen in Position Light Trap in Position Reectance Standard in Position Quantity Represented T 1 no no yes incident light T 2 yes no yes total light transmitted by specimen T 3 no yes no light scattered by instru- ment T 4 yes yes no light scattered by instru- ment and specimen 7.2.2 Repeat readi
45、ngs for T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , and T 4 with additional specied positions of the specimen to determine uniformity. 7.3 Calculation 10 : 7.3.1 Calculate total transmittance, T t (Note 56), equal to T 2 /T 1 . 7.3.2 Calculate diffuse transmittance, T d (Note 56), as follows: T d 5T 4 2T 3 T 2 /T 1 !#/T 1 (1
46、) 7.3.3 Calculate percent haze as follows: haze5T d /T t 3100 (2) NOTE6Toobtainthegreatestaccuracyinluminoustransmittancemeasurementwhenusingasingle-beaminstrument,itisnecessarytouseastandard, calibratedwithadouble-beaminstrument,becauseinsertionofthesampleinthesingle-beaminstrumentchangestheefficie
47、ncyofthesphere.Thischange mayresultinspuriouslyhighreadingsforclear,colorlesssamplesandsignicanterrorsfordarkorhighlysaturatedcolors.Inthesecases,thephotometer should be used as a comparison instrument with a standard of known transmittance similar to that of the specimen. For greatest accuracy of l
48、uminous transmittance measurement, compare the transmittance of the specimen with that of a calibrated standard of similar luminous transmittance. 7.4 Report: 7.4.1 Report the following data: 7.4.1.1 Source and identity of specimen, 7.4.1.2 Nominal thickness of specimen to the nearest 0.0025 mm or b
49、etter for specimens less than 0.25 mm in thickness and to the nearest 0.025 mm or better for specimens greater than 0.25 mm in thickness, 7.4.1.3 Total luminous transmittance, T t , to the nearest 0.1% (indicate the average when reporting average values and specify whether CIE Illuminant C or A is used), 7.4.1.4 Diffuse luminous transmittance, T d , to the nearest 0.1% (indicate the average when reporting average values), and 7.4.1.5 Percent haze, to the nearest 0.1% (indicate the average when reporting
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