1、Designation: D 1060 96 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Practice forCore Sampling of Raw Wool in Packages for Determinationof Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber Present1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice for sampling covers a procedure forobtaining samples fro
3、m lots of grease, pulled, or scoured woolor related animal fibers in bales or bags for the determinationof the clean wool fiber present by a procedure similar to thatdescribed in Test Method D 584.1.2 This practice provides a description of suitable coresampling equipment, the sampling procedure, an
4、d the methodfor determining the number of packages to be bored and thenumber of cores to be taken from each sampled package.1.3 Reliable estimates are given for the standard deviationof the percentage clean wool fiber present between packagesand within packages for lots of many types of raw wool.1.4
5、 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units are in parentheses. The values ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thispr
6、actice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refer
7、enced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw WoolLaboratory ScaleE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate aMeasure of Quality for a Lot or Process3. Terminology3.1 De
8、finitions:3.1.1 clean wool fiber present, nin raw wool, the mass ofwool base present in the raw wool, adjusted to a moisturecontent of 12 %, an alcohol-extractable content of 1.5 %, and amineral matter content of 0.5 %.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term “clean wool fiber present” issynonymous with the term
9、“absolute clean content” as definedin the Tariff Schedules of the United States of America (seeTest Method D 584).3.1.2 core, nin sampling fiber packages, the portion ofwool or other fiber obtained by using a sampling tube.3.1.3 raw wool, nwool or hair of the sheep in the grease,pulled, or scoured s
10、tate.3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in thispractice, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The lot is core sampled in accordance with one of aseries of equivalent schedules based on estimates of variabilityof the percentage clean wool fiber present and on the required
11、level of precision. A set of packages of wool is taken as a lotsample. From each package in the lot sample, a fixed numberof cores of wool is drawn to be used as a laboratory sample.Guidance in the selection of the most economical of theequivalent schedules is provided.5. Significance and Use5.1 Cor
12、e sampling is widely accepted, when applicable, forobtaining a laboratory sample representative of the clean woolfiber present in a lot of packaged raw wool.5.2 If the wool is so loosely packed that a core cannot becut, or if it is so highly compressed that the sampling toolcannot readily penetrate
13、into the package to the required depthand in the required direction, core sampling is not applicable.The density of wool in most types of commercial packages issuitable for sampling by this method.5.3 The procedure described in this practice is adapted tothe application of statistical methods for es
14、timating the size ofsample required to achieve a required level of sample precisionat minimum cost.1This practice is under the juristiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published
15、March 2005. Originallyapproved in 1949 . Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D1060 85 96.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Documen
16、t Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1The basic sampling equipment, operating procedure, andstatistical approach used in this practice have been adapted for samplinglots of wool for t
17、he determination of other properties that are not affectedby boring, such as average fiber diameter, and for sampling lots of otherbulk fibers in packages.6. Apparatus6.1 Sampling Tool3A tube equipped with a cutting edge,together with a drill, hammer, press, or similar device, andaccessories. The tu
18、be must be capable of penetrating therequired distance (see 7.2) into a package of wool and cuttinga core therefrom, which core must be retained substantiallyunchanged within the tube during its withdrawal from apackage.6.1.1 Fig. 1 illustrates the design of a recommended type ofrotatable small-diam
19、eter wool sampling tube.6.1.2 Sampling tubes in common use range from approxi-mately12 to 2 in. (13 to 50 mm) in diameter, and from 10 to40 in. (250 to 1000 mm) in length.6.1.3 Some types of sampling tubes are equipped withreceptacles at the rear of the tube.6.1.4 Drills of12 hp (375 w) rotating at
20、200 to 550 rpm (3.3to 10 rps), have been found to be satisfactory.6.1.5 A toothed cutting edge on a rotating tube of smalldiameter, instead of the smooth edge illustrated in Fig. 1,isacceptable provided that for any specific design it has beenshown that a bias is not introduced thereby. The absence
21、of biasin samples obtained with a rotating 2-in. (50 mm) diametertube with a toothed cutting edge has been demonstrated.6.2 Sample ContainerA container with closure of suchmaterial and so constructed that a sample stored therein willnot show a material change in its moisture content during theinterv
22、al between sampling and weighing the sample for test.7. Sampling Procedure7.1 Time of SamplingTake the sample at or about the timethe lot is weighed.7.2 Depth of PenetrationPenetrate a bale of wool with thesampling tube to a depth such that substantially all parts of thepackage can be reached. Maint
23、ain the same depth of penetra-tion for each core taken from a given lot.7.3 Location of Borings:7.3.1 Consider a package as composed of eight sectionsapproximately equal in volume, defined by top or bottom, frontor back, left or right.7.3.2 Alternate the location of boring in such a fashion thatthe
24、total composite sample will consist of approximately thesame number of cores from each section of the packages.7.3.3 If the packages have been compressed in a balingpress, enter a package through a compression surface and in adirection normal to that surface.7.4 Whenever there is danger that loose s
25、and or othermaterial may drop out of the tube during or after boring, soposition the package that the direction of boring will behorizontal.3The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Yocom-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc., 540 Elk Place, Denver, CO 80216. Ifyo
26、u are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.(Metric equivalents may be calculated by multiplying inches by 25.4 to obtain equivalen
27、t dimensions in millimetres.)FIG. 1 Small Diameter Wool Sampling Tool (United States Customs Service)D 1060 96 (2005)27.5 Just before entering a sampling tube into a package ofwool, cut the covering in such a way that none of the coveringmaterial fibers become mixed with the core or with the wool in
28、the package.7.6 Immediately upon withdrawal of the tube after boring,extrude the core directly into the sample container or theintermediate receptacle (6.1.3) without loss of material orunnecessary exposure to atmospheric conditions that mayresult in a change in the moisture content of the core.8. S
29、ize of Sample48.1 Variance of Sample MeanIf a sample consists of kcores from each of n packages from a lot of N packages of rawwool, and the n 3 k cores are composited into a single sampleon which m tests for percent clean wool fiber present are made,then the variance of the mean of the observations
30、 is given usingEq 1 (Notes 2 and 3):sx25sb2n3N 2 nN1sw2n 3 k1st2m5ss21st2m(1)where:sx2= variance of the mean of the m observations,sb2= variance for percent clean wool fiber present be-tween packages within the lot,sw2= average variance for percent clean wool fiberpresent of cores within packages of
31、 the lot,st2= variance of observations on a homogeneous sample,ss2= variance for percent clean wool fiber present for thesample, as defined by Eq 1,n = number of packages selected at random from the lotfrom which cores are taken,N = number of packages in the lot,k = number of cores taken from each o
32、f the n packages,andm = number of observations made on the compositesample.NOTE 2Uniform mass of packages and of cores are assumed. If thedeparture from uniformity is such that a material error would beintroduced by this assumption, proportional compositing must be adheredto.NOTE 3The factor (N-n)/N
33、 is the correction for sampling from a finitepopulation. A corresponding correction is generally not necessary forcores and tests.8.2 Number of CoresUnless otherwise agreed upon, aswhen specified in an applicable material specification, take anumber of cores such that ss2will be 0.2603.NOTE 40.2603
34、is the value calculated from (1.0/1.960)2where:1.0 = allowable variation of the percent clean wool fiber present ofthe composite sample, and1.960 = value of Students t for infinite degrees of freedom, two-sided limits, and a 95 % probability level.8.2.1 Reliable Estimates of Variances AvailableWhenr
35、eliable estimates of sb2and sw2are available, determine therequired number of packages based on a specific number ofcores per package using Eq 2 or Table 1:n 5 N sw21 ksb2!/0.2603 kN 1 ksb2# (2)where:n = number of packages to be selected from the lot forcoring (rounded upward to a whole number),N =k
36、 = number of cores to be taken from each selectedpackage (Note 5),sw= reliable estimate of the standard deviation forpercent clean wool fiber present of cores withinpackages of a lot of similar packaged raw wool(Note 6),sb= reliable estimate of the standard deviation forpercent clean wool fiber pres
37、ent between pack-ages within a lot of similar packaged raw wool(Note 6), and0.2603 = value defined in Note 4.NOTE 5Any convenient value of k may be used, but the value of kcalculated using Eq 3 and rounding to the nearest whole number will givethe most economical sample:k 5 sw23 B/sb23 C!12 (3)where
38、:B = average cost of selecting and positioning a package for coring,andC = average cost of taking and handling a core, and the other termsare defined in the legend for Eq 2.NOTE 6Estimates of the variances are best based on data obtained ininvestigations using analysis of variance techniques for lot
39、s of similarpackaged raw wool. The estimates listed in Table A1.1 were so obtained.Estimates may also be based on records in the users laboratory if the planfor sampling and testing described in STP 1145has been followed. Fortesting that does not involve a dispute between the purchaser and thesuppli
40、er, variances may be estimated as specified in Practice E 122.8.2.2 No Reliable Estimates of Variances AvailableWhenno reliable estimates of sb2and sw2are available, determinethe required number of packages based on a specific number ofcores per package using Eq 2 or Table 1 and sw= sb= 5.0percentag
41、e points. These estimates of variability are somewhatlarger than the variability usually found in practice and willusually require a larger number of cores than when reliableestimates of variability are available.9. Sampling Schedules9.1 For convenience, Table 1 gives the values of n calcu-lated by
42、Eq 2 for selected pairs of values of swand sband forselected lot sizes, N, and numbers of cores per package, k, foran allowable variation of 61.0 % clean wool fiber present at aprobability level of 95 %.4For background information, see the paper by Louis Tanner and W. EdwardsDeming, “Some Problems i
43、n the Sampling of Bulk Materials,” Proceedings, ASTM,Vol 49, 1949, p. 1181 and ASTM Practice E 105.5Symposium on Bulk Sampling, ASTM STP 114, ASTM, 1952.D 1060 96 (2005)310. Keywords10.1 sampling; wool contentTABLE 1 Values of n for an Allowable Variation of6 1.0 % Clean Wool Fiber Present (0.86 % W
44、ool Base) at a Probability Level of 95%A, for Selected Values of sw, sb, and kswsbNumber ofCores perSampledPackage, kNumber of Packages in Lot, N25 50 75 100 150 200 300 500 750 1000Number of Packages to Be Sampled, n1.0 1.0 1 788 88888885 101 12 121212131313131.0 2.0 1 21517 71818191919195 151922 2
45、32425262727281.0 3.0 1 72327 9323335363735 182732 353943444748491.0 4.0 1 93036 414750555961625 203240 65459657174761.0 .0 1 13544 516168768489925 1 1 1212 131313131313131. .5 1 31516 61717171718185 20 151920 212223232424241. .5 1 72325 72930313232325 30 192630 33363739414241. .5 1 202935 8434649515
46、3545 40 13239 445054596365671. .5 1 2 443 95763697579815 0 23646 546471808893962.0 1. 1 171819 191919192020202 01 1 21212121212122.0 1.5 1 182122 232324242424242 31415 161616161717172.0 2.0 1 202426 272829303031312 151820 02122222323232.0 2.5 1 21273 323436373839392 172225 262829303131312.0 3.0 1 21
47、303 384143454748492 182529 23537384041412.0 3.5 1 22333 434851545859602 192934 384245485152532.0 4.0 1 233543 48555964697272 03239 35053586264662.0 4.5 1 233746 536268748185872 13442 495762687478802.0 5.0 1 243949 576876859499122 23646 36471798892952.5 1.0 1 252627 272828282828282 141516 16161616161
48、6162.5 1.5 1 252830 313132323333332 161819 202020212121212.5 2.0 1 253133 353637383939392 17212324 2526272727272.5 2.5 1 253337 39424345464742 192528 032 343535362.5 3.0 1 253541 444850535557572 02832 353840424445462.5 3.5 1 253744 495558626567682 13137 14548525456572.5 4.0 1 25394 536166717780812 2
49、3341 465357616668702.5 4.5 1 254050 586774818993952 23645 16065727882842.5 5.0 1 254253 6274829110107102 33748 5666738290969923.0 1.0 1B36 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 392 192021 212121212122223.0 1.5 1B37 39 40 41 42 43 43 43 432 202324 242525262626263.0 2.0 1B39 42 44 46 47 48 49 49 502 212528 293031323232333.0 2.5 1B40 45 48 51 53 55 56 57 582 222832 343637394041413.0 3.0 1B41 48 52 57 59 63 65 67 672 223136 39434547495051D 1060 96 (2005)4TABLE 1 ContinuedswsbNumber ofCores perSampledPackage, kNumber of Packages in Lot, N25 50 75 100 150 200 300 500 750 1000N
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