1、Designation: D1071 17Standard Test Methods forVolumetric Measurement of Gaseous Fuel Samples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1071; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the volumetric measuring ofgaseous fuel samples, including liquefied petroleum gases, inthe gaseous state at nor
3、mal temperatures and pressures. Theapparatus selected covers a sufficient variety of types so thatone or more of the methods prescribed may be used forlaboratory, control, reference, or in fact any purpose where it isdesired to know the quantity of gaseous fuel or fuel samplesunder consideration. Th
4、e various types of apparatus are listedin Table 1.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of r
5、egulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trad
6、e Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Terminology and Units of Measurement2.1 Definitions: Units of MeasurementAll measurementsshall be expressed in inch-pound units (that is: foot, pound(mass), second, and degrees Fahrenheit); or metric units (thatis: metre, kilogram, second,
7、 and degrees Celsius).2.2 Standard Conditions, at which gaseous fuel samplesshall be measured, or to which such measurements shall bereferred, are as follows:2.2.1 Inch-pound Units:(1) A temperature of 60.0F,(2) A pressure of 14.73 psia.(3) Free of water vapor or a condition of complete water-vapor
8、saturation as specified per individual contract betweeninterested parties.2.2.2 SI Units:(1) A temperature of 288.15K (15C).(2) A pressure of 101.325 kPa (absolute).(3) Free of water vapor or a condition of complete water-vapor saturation as specified per individual contract betweeninterested partie
9、s.2.3 Standard Volume:2.3.1 Standard Cubic Foot of Gas is that quantity of gaswhich will fill a space of 1.000 ft3when under the standardconditions (2.2.1).2.3.2 Standard Cubic Metre of Gas is that quantity of gaswhich will fill a space of 1.000 m3when under the standardconditions (2.2.2).2.4 Temper
10、ature Term for Volume ReductionsFor the pur-pose of referring a volume of gaseous fuel from one tempera-ture to another temperature (that is, in applying Charles law),the temperature terms shall be obtained by adding 459.67 toeach temperature in degrees Fahrenheit for the inch-poundunits or 273.15 t
11、o each temperature in degrees Celsius for theSI units.2.5 At the present state of the art, metric gas provers andmeters are not routinely available in the United States.Throughout the remainder of this procedure, the inch-poundunits are used. Those having access to metric metering equip-ment are enc
12、ouraged to apply the standard conditions ex-pressed in 2.2.2.NOTE 1The SI conditions given here represent a “hard” metrication,in that the reference temperature and the reference pressure have beenchanged. Thus, amounts of gas given in metric units should always bereferred to the SI standard conditi
13、ons and the amounts given in inch-poundunits should always be referred to the inch-pound standard conditions.3. Significance and Use3.1 The knowledge of the volume of samples used in a testis necessary for meaningful results. Validity of the volumemeasurement equipment and procedures must be assured
14、 foraccurate results.4. Apparatus4.1 The various types of apparatus used for the measure-ment of gaseous fuel samples may be grouped in three classes,as shown in Table 1. References to the portions of thesemethods covering the capacity and range of operatingconditions, and the calibration, of each t
15、ype are given in Table1.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D03 onGaseous Fuels and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D03.01 onCollection and Measurement of Gaseous Samples.Current edition approved April 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originallyapproved in 19
16、54. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D1071 83 (2003)which was withdrawn January 2017. DOI: 10.1520/D1071-17.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internati
17、onally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1CAPACITY OF APPARATUS AND RANGE OFOPERATING CONDITIO
18、NS5. Cubic-Foot Bottles, Standards, and So Forth5.1 The capacities of cubic-foot bottles, standards, and soforth, are indicated by their names. A portable cubic-footstandard of the Stillman type is shown in Fig. 1 and a fractionalcubic-foot bottle is shown in Fig. 2. The temperatures andpressures at
19、 which these types of apparatus are used must bevery close to those existing in the room in which they arelocated. Since these containers are generally used as standardsfor the testing of other gas-measuring devices, the rate at whichthey may be operated is of little or no importance. It willalways
20、be low, and probably nonuniform, and in any giveninstance will be affected by the test being made and theconnections used.6. Burets, Flasks, and So Forth6.1 The capacities of burets, flasks, and so forth, will dependupon their function in the equipment and service in which theyare to be used. The ra
21、nge of temperatures and pressures underwhich they may be used, which will be affected by theirfunction, will depend upon the material of construction andmay be relatively high (for example, 1000F and 10 000 psi)if suitable materials are used.7. Calibrated Gasometers7.1 The stock capacities of calibr
22、ated gasometers (gas meterprovers) are 2, 5, and 10 ft3. The temperature and pressure atwhich they can be operated must be close to the ambienttemperature and within a few inches of water column ofatmospheric pressure. The equivalent rates of flow that may beattained, conveniently, are as follows:Si
23、ze, ft3Equivalent Rate, ft3of air/h2 9905 225010 5000NOTE 2Gasometers having volumetric capacities up to several thou-sand cubic feet have been made for special purposes. Their use is limitedto temperatures close to the ambient temperature, although some may beoperated as pressures slightly higher t
24、han mentioned above. These largegasometers can hardly be classed as equipment for measuring gaseousTABLE 1 Apparatus for Measuring Gaseous Fuel SamplesApparatusCapacity andRange of OperatingConditions CoveredinSection No.CalibrationProcedureCovered inSection No.ContainersCubic-foot bottle, immersion
25、 type ofmoving-tank type512Portable cubic-foot standard(Stillman-type)Fractional cubic-foot bottle 512Burets, flasks, and so forth, for chem-ical and physical analysis61Calibrated gasometers (gas meterprovers)7 1316Gas meters, displacement type:Liquid-sealed relating-drum meters 8 1722Diaphragm- or
26、bellows-type meters,equipped with observation index923Rotary displacement meters 10 24Gas meters, rate-of-flow type:Porous plug and capillary flowmeters 11 25Float (variable-area, constant-head)flowmeters11 25Orifice, flow nozzle, and venturi-typeflowmeters11 25FIG. 1 Stillman-Type Portable Cubic-Fo
27、ot StandardFIG. 2 One-Tenth Cubic Foot Bottle, Transfer Tank, and Bubble-Type Saturator for Testing Laboratory Wet Gas MetersD1071 172samples, and are mentioned only for the sake of completeness.8. Liquid-Sealed Rotating-Drum Meters8.1 The drum capacities of commercial stock sizes ofliquid-sealed ro
28、tating-drum meters range from120 (or litre) to7.0 ft3per revolution. A 0.1-ft3per revolution meter is shownin Fig. 3.The operating capacities, defined as the volume of gashaving a specific gravity of 0.64 that will pass through themeter in 1 h with a pressure drop of 0.3-in. water columnacross the m
29、eter, range from 5 to 1200 ft3/h. Liquid-sealedrotating-drum meters may be calibrated for use at any rate forwhich the pressure drop across the meter does not blow themeter seal. However, if the meter is to be used for meteringdiffering rates of flow, a calibration curve should be obtained,as descri
30、bed in Section 20, or the meter should be fitted with arate compensating chamber (see Appendix X1).8.2 The temperature at which these meters may be operatedwill depend almost entirely upon the character of the sealingliquid. If water is the sealing liquid, the temperature must beabove the freezing p
31、oint and below that at which evaporationwill affect the accuracy of the meter indications (about 120F).Outside of these limits some other liquid will be required.8.3 While the cases of most meters of this type maywithstand pressures of about 2-in. Hg column above or belowatmospheric pressure, it is
32、recommended that the maximumoperating pressure to which they are subjected should notexceed 1-in. Hg or 13 in. of water column. For higherpressures, the meter case must be proportionally heavier or themeter enclosed in a suitable pressure chamber. For pressuresmore than 1-in. Hg (13 in. of water) be
33、low atmosphericpressure, not only must a heavier case or a pressure chamber beused, but a sealing fluid having a very low vapor pressure mustbe used in place of water.9. Diaphragm-Type Test Meters9.1 The displacement capacities of commercial stock sizesof diaphragm-type test meters range from about
34、0.05 to 2.5 ft3per revolution (of the tangent arm or operating cycle). Theoperating capacities, defined as the volume of gas having aspecific gravity of 0.64 that a meter will pass with a pressuredrop of 0.5 in. of water column across the meter, range fromabout 20 to 1800 ft3/h. Usually these meters
35、 can be operated atrates in excess of their rated capacities, at least for shortperiods. A meter having a capacity of 1 ft3per revolution isshown in Fig. 4.9.2 The temperature range under which these meters may beoperated will depend largely upon the diaphragm material. Forleather diaphragms, 0 to 1
36、30F is probably a safe operatingrange. At very low temperatures, the diaphragms are likely tobecome very stiff and cause an excessive pressure drop acrossthe meter. At higher temperatures, the diaphragms may dry outrapidly or even become scorched causing embrittlement andleaks.9.3 The pressure range
37、 (line pressure) to which these metersmay be subjected safely will depend upon the case material anddesign. For the lighter sheet metal (tin case) meters, the linepressure should not be more than 3- or 4-in. Hg column aboveor below atmospheric pressure. For use under higher or lowerline pressures, o
38、ther types of meter cases are available, such ascast aluminum alloy, cast iron, or pressed steel.NOTE 3The diaphragm-type test meter and the diaphragm-typeconsumers meter are similar in most respects. The principal difference isthe type of index or counter. The test meter index has a main handFIG. 3
39、 Liquid-Sealed Rotating-Drum Gas Meter of 0.1 ft3perRevolution SizeFIG. 4 Iron-Case Diaphragm-Type Gas Meter with Large Observa-tion IndexD1071 173indicating 1 ft3per revolution over a 3-in. or larger dial, with additionalsmaller dials giving readings to 999 before repeating. On the index ofconsumer
40、s meters, aside from the test hand, the first dial indicates 1000 ft3per revolution of its hand so that the smallest volume read is 100 ft3. Themaximum reading for a consumers meter index may be 99 900 or 999 900.Another minor difference is that the maximum rated capacity for the largerconsumers met
41、ers may be 17 000 ft3/h.10. Rotary Displacement Meters10.1 Rotary displacement gas meters are mentioned hereonly to have a complete coverage of meters for gas, sincemeters of this type are of relatively large capacity, beyond thatof sample measurement (Note 4). The rated capacities of stocksizes ran
42、ge from about 4000 to about 1 000 000 ft3/h. Theymay be used at somewhat higher temperatures than otherdisplacement meters, probably 400 to 500F and are availablefor use under line pressures up to about 125 psi.NOTE 4It is of course possible to use a very small meter of this typeas a test or “sample
43、” meter. See Bean, H. S., Benesh, M. E., and Whiting,F. C., “Testing Large-Capacity Rotary Gas Meters,” Journal of Research,Nat. Bureau Standards, JRNBA, Vol 37, No. 3, Sept. 1946, p. 183.(Research Paper RP1741).11. Rate-of-Flow Meters11.1 Rate-of-flow meters, as the name implies, indicate ratesof f
44、low, and volumes are obtained only for a definite timeinterval. They are especially useful in those situations wherethe flow is steady, but are not suited for use in the measurementof specified quantities nor on flows that are subject to wide ormore or less rapid variations of either rate or pressur
45、e. In thesmaller sizes, they may be particularly useful for both regulat-ing and measuring continuous samples of a gaseous fuel.11.2 No definite limits can be set to the range of rate of flowto which these meters may be applied, nor to the range oftemperatures and pressures under which they may be o
46、perated.Where meters of this type are desired, it will usually bepossible to design one to meet the particular service require-ments. Of particular interest for continuous sampling andsample measurement are flowmeters of the capillary tube andporous plug (for example, sintered glass filter) type. Th
47、e ratesof flow that they can meter satisfactorily range upward fromabout 0.03 ft3/min. The pressure drop across the meteringelement is not only low (a few inches of water column), but itsrelationship to the rate of flow is very nearly linear.CALIBRATION OF APPARATUS12. Calibration of Primary Standar
48、ds12.1 Cubic-foot bottles and fractional cubic-foot bottles arecalibrated by weighing the quantity of distilled water that willbe delivered between the gage marks (Note 5), correcting forthe buoyancy of the air. At the standard conditions specified in2.2, the weight of water contained between the ga
49、ge marks ofa correctly adjusted cubic-foot bottle should be 62.299 lb.NOTE 5It is now the practice at the National Bureau of Standards tocalibrate or adjust these standards “to deliver” the specified quantity ofwater from a wet condition. To do this, the standard is filled with water,then emptied slowly over a period of 3 min and allowed to drain for anadditional 3 min. Next, the quantity (weight) of distilled water containedbetween the two gage marks is determined. The corresponding volume ofthis quantity of water, adjusted to a temperature of 60F, should be 1.000
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