1、Designation: D 1074 09Standard Test Method forCompressive Strength of Bituminous Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1074; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a method for measuring thecompressive strength of compacted bituminous mixtures. It isfor use with specimens weig
3、hed, batched, mixed, and fabri-cated in the laboratory, as well as for mixtures manufactured ina hot-mix plant.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand ar
4、e not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pr
5、ior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesC 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD75 Practice for
6、Sampling AggregatesD 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD 979 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving MixturesD 1075 Test Method for Effect of Water on CompressiveStrength of Compacted Bituminous MixturesD 2041 Test Method for Theoretical Maximum SpecificGravity and Density of Bituminous
7、Paving MixturesD 2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous MixturesD 3203 Test Method for Percent Air Voids in CompactedDense and Open Bituminous Paving MixturesD 3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements forAgen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road a
8、nd Paving MaterialsD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision L
9、iquids2.2 Federal Specification:Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads andBridges on Federal Highway Projects33. Significance and Use3.1 The compressive strength of specimens prepared andtested by this test method along with density and voidsproperties are used for laboratory mix design o
10、f bituminousmixtures. One approach is described in ASTM STP 252.43.1.1 This test method also describes the methods formolding, curing, and testing of specimens being evaluated byTest Method D 1075.3.1.2 When used in conjunction with other mixture physicalproperties, the compressive strength may cont
11、ribute to theoverall mixture characterization and is one factor determiningits suitability for use under given loading conditions andenvironment as a highway paving material.3.2 Typical values of minimum compressive strengths fordesign of bituminous mixtures by this test method for differenttraffic
12、densities are given in Table 401-1 of the “StandardSpecifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges onFederal Highway Projects.”3Some state departments of trans-portation and federal agencies have specific requirements oftheir own based on their experience with this test method. Theagencies shou
13、ld be consulted for their specific requirements ifwork is to meet their standards.3.3 Reheated mixtures are permissible in this test method,but the resulting compressive strengths will be higher than for1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and
14、 is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.20 onMechanical Tests of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 1074 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.ast
15、m.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3“Asphaltic Concrete Mix Requirements,” Standard Specifications for Con-struction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Pr
16、ojects, 1996, FederalHighway Administration, Washington, DC 20590, p. 233.4Goode, J. F., “Use of the Immersion-Compression Test in Evaluating andDesigning Paving Mixtures,” ASTM STP 252, 1959, pp. 113129.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
17、959, United States.newly prepared mixtures due to the change in the binderviscosity, an element of the compressive strength as measuredunder these loading conditions and temperature.5NOTE 1The quality of the results produced by this standard aredependent on the competence of the personnel performing
18、 the procedureand the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Standard Practice D 3666 are generallyconsidered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance withD 3666
19、 alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable resultsdepend on many factors; following the suggestions of D 3666 or somesimilar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and control-ling some of those factors.4. Apparatus4.1 Molds and PlungersThe molds and plungers shall bei
20、n accordance with the following:4.1.1 Diameter TolerancesThe mold shall have sufficientheight to allow fabrication ofa4by4in.(101.6 by 101.6 mm)specimen. It shall have an inside diameter of 4.000 to 4.005 in.(101.60 to 101.73 mm) and a nominal thickness of14 in. (6.4mm).4.1.2 The plungers shall pass
21、 through the mold freely andshall have a diameter within 0.050 in. (1.27 mm) of the moldinside diameter. The plungers may be solid, hollow, or otherstructure so long as the ends are at least 0.50 in. (12.7 mm)thick and are at a right angle to the mold wall. The bottomplunger shall be 2 618 in. (50 6
22、 4 mm) high but the topplunger may be any suitable height.4.1.3 Specimens Other than 4 by 4 in. (101.6 by 101.6mm)Molds and plungers for fabricating these size specimensare allowed in accordance with Section 6.4.2 SupportsTemporary supports for specimen moldsshall consist of two steel bars, 1 618 in
23、. (25.4 6 3.1 mm)square and a minimum length of 3 in. (76.2 mm).4.3 Testing MachineThe testing machine must be of anytype of sufficient capacity that will provide a range of accu-rately controllable rates of vertical deformation. Since the rateof vertical deformation for the compression test is spec
24、ified as0.05 in./minin. (0.05 mm/minmm) of specimen height, and itmay be necessary to test specimens ranging in size from 2 by2 in. (50.8 by 50.8 mm) to perhaps 8 by 8 in. (203.2 by 203.2mm) in order to maintain the specified minimum ratio ofspecimen diameter to particle size, the testing machine sh
25、ouldhave a range of controlled speeds covering at least 0.1 in. (2.5mm)/min for 2-in. (50.8-mm) specimens to 0.4 in. (10.2mm)/min for 8-in. (203.2-mm) specimens. The testing machineshall conform to the requirements of Practice E4. The testingmachine shall be equipped with two steel bearing blocks wi
26、thhardened faces, one of which is spherically seated and the otherplain. The spherically seated block shall be mounted to bear onthe upper surface of the test specimen and the plain block shallrest on the platen of the testing machine to form a seat for thespecimen. The bearing faces of the plates s
27、hall have a diameterslightly greater than that of the largest specimens to be tested.The bearing faces, when new, shall not depart from a true planeby more than 0.0005 in. (0.0127 mm) at any point and shall bemaintained within a permissible variation limit of 0.001 in.(0.025 mm). In the spherically
28、seated block, the center of thesphere shall coincide with the center of the bearing face. Themovable portion of this block shall be held closely in thespherical seat, but the design shall be such that the bearing facecan be rotated freely and tilted through small angles in anydirection.4.4 OvenThe o
29、ven used in the preparation of materials orreheating of mixtures shall be controllable within 65F(63C) of any specified temperature above ambient up to392F (200C).4.5 Hot PlateA small hot plate equipped with a rheostatshall be provided for supplying sufficient heat under the mixingbowl to maintain t
30、he aggregate and bituminous material at thedesired temperature during mixing.4.6 Hot Water Bath or OvenA water bath or oven suffi-ciently large to hold three sets of 4-in. (101.6-mm) molds andplungers. If the water bath does not have an internal tempera-ture control, a hot plate of sufficient capaci
31、ty with a control tomaintain the water bath at a temperature just under the boilingpoint will be required. The oven shall be capable of maintain-ing a temperature of between 200 to 275F (93.3 to 135C).4.7 Air BathThe air bath shall be capable of either manualor automatic control for storing the spec
32、imens at 77 6 1.8F(25 6 0.5C) immediately prior to making the compressiontest.4.8 BalanceBalances or scales and weights meeting therequirements of Specification D 4753 shall be provided asappropriate for the sample or ingredient mass.4.9 Mixing MachineMechanical mixing is preferable overhand-mixing.
33、 Any type of mixer may be used, provided it canbe maintained at the required mixing temperature and willproduce a well-coated, homogeneous mixture of the requiredsize in two minutes or less, and further provided that it is ofsuch design that fouling of the blades will be minimized andeach individual
34、 batch can be retrieved in essentially its entiretyincluding asphalt and fines. Hand-mixing is allowable, ifnecessary, but for hot mixtures the time required to obtainsatisfactory coating is often excessive and generally the testresults are less uniform than when machine mixing is em-ployed.4.10 Spa
35、tulasA flexible spatula for scraping the mixingbowl and a stiff spatula for spading the specimen in the mold.4.11 ThermometersCalibrated liquid-in-glass thermom-eters of suitable range with a readability of 1F (0.5C)conform to the requirements of specification E 2251 shall beused. (Thermometer ASTM
36、No. S63F-03 or S63C-03, orequivalent). Alternately, another electronic thermometer maybe used, for example resistance thermometer (RTD, PRT,IPRT) of equal or better accuracy.5. Preparation of Test Mixtures5.1 Limit the size of the individual batches to the amountrequired for one test specimen.5.2 Mi
37、x an initial batch for the purpose of “buttering” themixing bowl and stirrers. Empty this batch after mixing and5Welborn, J. Y., Halstead, W. J., and Olsen, R. E., “Relation of AbsoluteViscosity of Asphalt Binders to Stability of Asphalt Mixtures,” Public Roads, Vol.32, No. 6, February 1963, FHWA, W
38、ashington, DC. (Also “Symposium onFundamental Viscosity of Bituminous Materials” ASTM STP No. 328.D1074092clean the sides of the bowl and stirrers of mixture residue byscraping with a small limber spatula. Do not wipe with cloth orwash clean with solvent, except when a change is to be madein the bin
39、der or at the end of a run.5.3 Mold a trial specimen in order to determine the correctweight of materials to produce a specimen of the desiredheight. Use the initial or “buttering” batch for this purpose, ifdesired.5.4 Aggregate ingredient samples shall be obtained in ac-cordance with Practice D75an
40、d reduced to the appropriatesize by Practice C 702. When preparing aggregates for batch-ing, each reduced ingredient sample shall be separated into thedesired size fractions in accordance with Test Method C 136.Agency practice will specify which of the following sievesshould be used to derive the de
41、sired fractions: 2 in., 112 in., 1in.,34 in.,12 in.,38 in., No. 4, No. 8, and No. 10 (50.0 mm,37.5 mm, 25.0 mm, 19.0 mm, 12.5 mm, 9.5 mm, 4.75 mm,2.36 mm, and 2.00 mm). The mixture design, job mix formula,or other control shall be used to combine the appropriate massof each size from each ingredient
42、 aggregate to obtain theappropriate gradation and batch mass, and to determine theappropriate mass of bitumen to use for each specimen. Arepresentative sample of bitumen shall be obtained in accor-dance with Practice D 140 from a representative stock ofmaterial. The temperature versus kinematic visc
43、osity relation-ship for the bitumen involved dictates the temperature to beused for preparing the asphalt concrete test specimens. Theuser should refer to the asphalt binder manufacturer to establishappropriate mixing and compaction temperature ranges. Ag-gregate is heated no hotter than 50F (28C) a
44、bove the mixingtemperature to allow for dry mixing prior to adding the asphaltcement.NOTE 2In no case should the mixing temperature exceed 347F(175C).5.5 Preheat the bowl and batch of aggregate in an ovenmeeting the requirements of 4.4 to a temperature that complieswith the aggregate temperature in
45、5.4. This will result in anacceptable temperature after dry mixing. With the bowl ofaggregate resting on a balance, quickly pour the prescribedmass of hot asphalt cement onto the hot aggregate andimmediately mix the asphalt cement into the aggregate withminimal “fanning action.” This can be done wit
46、h a large spoonby rolling the material from perimeter toward the center tomaximize aggregate and asphalt contact and minimize asphaltcontact with the bowl. The mixing shall be completed within90 to 120 s, during which time the temperature should havedropped to about 5 to 9F (3 to 5C) above the compa
47、ctingtemperature. If the counter top is metal, an insulator such aspaper may be used to reduce the rate of cooling. If the materialhas cooled too fast, a hot plate, oven, or similar device shall beused to slightly reheat the mixture. Caution should be exercisedto avoid excessive heating of the mater
48、ial so as to preventcausing an increase in the viscosity of the thin film of asphaltcement coating the aggregate.5.6 Bituminous paving mixtures shall be sampled in accor-dance with Practice D 979 and reduced to slightly more thanneeded to fabricate the specimen. The size reduction shall be inaccorda
49、nce with Practice C 702, Method B. Then the mass ofthe reduced sample will be adjusted to the required mass byremoving and discarding a small amount of mixture. Care mustbe exercised to discard both fine and coarse particles tomaintain proper gradations. Place the weighed mixture into anappropriate container and heat in an oven to the mixingtemperature provided in 5.4 for the asphalt represented in themixture. Thoroughly mix the mixture until the temperature is 5to 9F (3 to 5C) above the compacting temperature. This willresult in the mixture
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