1、Designation: D 1140 00 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Methods forAmount of Material in Soils Finer than No. 200 (75-m)Sieve1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cove
3、r determination of the amountof material finer than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve by washing.1.2 Two methods for determining the amount of materialfiner than the No. 200 sieve are provided. The method to beused shall be specified by the requesting authority. If nomethod is specified, the choice should be b
4、ased on theguidance given in 4.2 and 7.31.2.1 Method ATest specimen is not dispersed prior towash sieving.1.2.2 Method BTest specimen is dispersed by soaking inwater containing a deflocculating agent prior to wash sieving.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.4 This s
5、tandard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.
6、1 ASTM Standards:2C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2487 Practice for Classifi
7、cation of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and S
8、tandard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation OvensE 177 Practice for Use of the
9、 Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Aspecimen of the soil is washed over a 75-m (No. 200)sieve. Clay and other particles that are dispersed by the washwater, as well
10、 as water-soluble materials, are removed from thesoil during the test. The loss in mass resulting from the washtreatment is calculated as mass percent of the original sampleand is reported as the percentage of material finer than a 75-m(No. 200) sieve by washing.4. Significance and Use4.1 Material f
11、iner than the 75-m (No. 200) sieve can beseparated from larger particles much more efficiently andcompletely by wet sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore,when accurate determinations of material finer than 75-msieve in soil are desired, this test method is used on the testspecimen prior to dry si
12、eving. Usually the additional amount ofmaterial finer than 75-m sieve obtained in the dry sievingprocess is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of thewashing operation should be checked, as it could be anindication of degradation of the soil.4.2 With some soils, particularly clayey soils,
13、 in order tokeep the finer material from adhering to the larger particles, itwill be necessary to soak the soil prior to washing it through1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture,Plasticit
14、y and Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 1140 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.
15、org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the sieve. A deflocculating agent (dispersing agent) should bea
16、dded to the soil when it is soaked.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of co
17、mpetentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Balan
18、ceA balance or scale conforming to the require-ments of Specification D 4753, readable (with no estimation) to0.1 % of the test mass, or better. To determine the balanceneeded, multiply your test mass by 0.001 and check Table 1 ofSpecification D 4753 for the class of balance readable to thenumber ob
19、served.5.2 SievesA minimum nest of two sieves is recom-mended, the lower must be a 75-m (No. 200) sieve and theupper may be a 425-m (No. 40) or larger sieve. Chose a sievewith a diameter sufficient to handle the size of specimenrequired by 6.2. The 75-m sieve should have a backing toprevent damage.
20、The sieves shall conform to the requirementsof Specification E11. Stainless sieve mesh is preferred, as it isless prone to damage or wear.5.3 OvenAn oven of sufficient size, capable of maintain-ing a uniform temperature of 100 6 5C (230 6 9F) andwhich meets the criteria of Specification E 145.5.4 De
21、flocculating AgentA solution of Sodium Hexam-etaphosphate of any concentration sufficient to cause particleseparation can be used.Acommon amount is 40 g per 1000 mLof water.6. Sampling6.1 Sample the soil in accordance with Practice D75.6.2 Thoroughly mix the soil sample and reduce the quantityto an
22、amount suitable for testing using the applicable methoddescribed in Practice C 702. The test specimen shall be the endresult of the reduction. Reduction to an exact predeterminedmass is not permitted. The mass of the test specimen, afterdrying, shall conform with the following except as noted (6.2.1
23、and Note 2):RecommendedMaximum Particle Standard Minimum Mass ofSize (100 % Passing) Sieve Size Test Specimens2 mm or less No. 10 20 g4.75 mm No. 4 100 g9.5 mm38 9 500 g19.0 mm34 9 2.5 kg37.5 mm 112 9 10 kg75.0 mm 39 50 kg6.2.1 If the same specimen is to be tested for sieve analysisaccording to Test
24、 Method D 422, comply with the applicablemass requirements of that Test Method.NOTE 2When a minimum mass is not available (split spoon sample,and the like), a smaller mass can be used. The report shall indicate themass used.7. Procedure7.1 Dry the test specimen to a constant mass at a tempera-ture o
25、f 110 6 5C (230 6 9F) and determine its mass to thenearest 0.1 g. To determine the balance needed, multiply themass by 0.001, check the resultant number with Table 1 ofSpecification D 4753 for the required balance.7.1.1 For example: Minimum readability = 276 g (mass) 30.001 = 0.3 g. A GP-2 with a re
26、adability of 0.1 g would besuitable. A more sensitive balance could also be used.7.1.2 As an alternative, select an auxiliary water contentspecimen and determine the water content (nearest 0.1 %) inaccordance with Test Method D 2216. Calculate the oven-drymass of the test specimen from the moist mas
27、s (nearest 0.1 %of its mass, or better (see 5.1) and the water content.7.2 Method A:7.2.1 After preparing the specimen in accordance with 7.1,place the specimen on on the uppermost (coarsest) sieve. Washthe specimen (material) on the sieve(s) by means of a stream ofwater from a faucet (Note 3). The
28、material may be lightlymanipulated by hand, to facilitate the washing process, takingcare not to lose any of the retained material. No downwardpressure should be exerted on the retained material or sieve toavoid the forcing of particles through the sieve or damage tothe sieve. Continue the washing u
29、ntil the water coming throughthe sieve(s) is clear (Note 4).NOTE 3A spray nozzle or a piece of rubber tubing attached to a waterfaucet may be used for the washing. The velocity of the water, which maybe increased by pinching the tubing, shall not cause any splashing of thematerial over the sides of
30、the sieve. The water temperature should notexceed 32C (90F) to avoid expanding the sieve fabric.NOTE 4Care should be taken not to let water accumulate on the75-m (No. 200) sieve due to clogging of the screen. The clogging cancause overflow of the sieve and loss of material. Lightly hand tapping thes
31、ides of the sieve or the bottom of the screen with a fingertip(s) shouldprevent clogging. Directing a stream of water up from below the screen isanother method to unplug the sieve without physically damaging it. Becareful not to overload the screen by sieving too large a specimen, orportion of a spe
32、cimen, at any one time.7.3 Method B:7.3.1 As an alternative, particularly for very cohesive soils;after preparing the specimen in accordance with 7.1, place thespecimen in a container, cover with water containing a defloc-culating agent, and soak for a minimum of 2 h (preferablyovernight) (Note 5).
33、The specimen should be periodicallyagitated manually or by mechanical means to facilitate thecomplete separation of the particles.NOTE 5It will also be easier to separate the particles if the specimenis not dried prior to soaking. The moist mass can be adjusted to a dry massby using the water conten
34、t determination procedure from 7.1.2.7.3.2 After the soaking period is completed, agitate thecontents of the container vigorously and immediately pour intothe nested sieves. Wash any remaining material into thesieve(s) to make sure all of the material is transferred. Thenfinish the washing procedure
35、 as specified in 7.2.7.4 When the washing by Method A or B is completed, thematerial retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve can be driedeither in the sieve, or by flushing (transferring) the contents ofthe sieve into another container. If the soil is transferred, excessD 1140 00 (2006)2water can be re
36、moved by decanting or suctioning to speeddrying time. Take care not to lose any particles by removingonly clear water.7.4.1 Dry the residue from each sieve to a constant massusing a temperature of 110 6 5C (230 6 9F) and determinethe mass using the same balance as used in 7.1.NOTE 6As mentioned in 4
37、.1, if the sample is dry sieved after washing,some material will pass the 75-m (No. 200) sieve that did not pass duringwashing operations. This can be a significant amount for samples with ahigh percent of very fine sand or coarse silt.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the amount of material passing the 7
38、5-m(No. 200) sieve by washing using the following formula:A 5 B 2 C!/B 3 100 (1)where:A = percentage of material finer than the 75-m sieve bywashing, nearest 0.1 %B = original dry mass of sample, g, andC = dry mass of specimen retained on the 75-m sieveincluding the amount retained on an upper sieve
39、 afterwashing, g.9. Report9.1 Report the percentage of material finer than the 75-m(No. 200) sieve by washing to the nearest 0.1 %.9.2 Indicate whether the specimen was soaked and length oftime.9.3 Indicate method used (A or B).9.4 Sample identification.9.5 Size of initial dry mass used.9.6 State wh
40、ether the dry mass was determined directly orusing the water content of the specimen as directed in 7.1.2.Ifso, note the water content.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionCriteria for judging the acceptability of testresults obtained by these test methods on a range of soil typesusing Method B are g
41、iven in Tables 1 and 2. These estimates ofprecision are based on the results of the interlaboratoryprogram conducted by the ASTM Reference Soils and TestingProgram3. In this program, some laboratories performed threereplicate tests per soil type (triplicate test laboratory), whileother laboratories
42、performed a single test per soil type (singletest laboratory). A description of the soils tested is given in10.1.4. The precision estimates may vary with soil type andmethod used (Method A or B). Judgment is required whenapplying these estimates to another soil or method.10.1.1 The data in Table 1 a
43、re based on three replicate testsperformed by each triplicate test laboratory on each soil type.The single operator and multilaboratory standard deviationshown in Table 1, Column 4 were obtained in accordance withPractice E 691, which recommends each testing laboratoryperform a minimum of three repl
44、icate tests. Results of twoproperly conducted tests performed by the same operator onthe same material, using the same equipment, and in theshortest practical period of time should not differ by more thanthe single-operator d2s limits shown in Table 1, Column 5. Fordefinition of d2s see Footnote C i
45、n Table 2. Results of twoproperly conducted tests performed by different operators andon different days should not differ by more than the multilabo-ratory d2s limits shown in Table 1, Column 5.10.1.2 In the ASTM Reference Soils and Testing Program,many of the laboratories performed only a single te
46、st on eachsoil type. This is common practice in the design and construc-tion industry. The data for each soil type in Table 2 are basedupon the first test results from the triplicate test laboratoriesand the single test results from the other laboratories. Resultsof two properly conducted tests perf
47、ormed by two differentlaboratories with different operators using different equipmentand on different days should not vary by more than the d2slimits shown in Table 2, Column 5. The results in Table 1 andTable 2 are dissimilar because the data sets are different.3Supporting data is available from AS
48、TM Headquarters. Request RR:D181010.TABLE 1 Summary of Test Results from Triplicate TestLaboratories (Percent of Fines)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)Soil TypeNumber ofTriplicateTestLaboratoriesAverage ValueA(PercentagePoints)StandardDeviationB(PercentagePoints)AcceptableRange of TwoResultsC(PercentagePoints)Si
49、ngle-Operator Results (Within- Laboratory Repeatability):CH 13 98.83 0.15 0.4CL 13 88.55 0.14 0.4ML 14 99.00 0.12 0.3SP 13 2.47 0.20 0.5Multilaboratory Results (Between- Laboratory Reproducibility):CH 13 98.83 0.22 0.6CL 13 88.55 0.40 1.1ML 14 99.00 0.13 0.4SP 13 2.47 0.36 1.0AThe number of significant digits and decimal places presented are represen-tative of the input data. In accordance with Practice D 6026, the standard deviationand acceptable range of results can not have more decimal places than the inputdata.BStandard deviation is
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