ASTM D1165-2013 Standard Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Softwoods《商业硬木和软木的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D1165 13Standard Nomenclature ofCommercial Hardwoods and Softwoods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren

2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Commercial species group names are listed with com-mon tree and botanical names. Commercial names are repre-sentative of commercial practice in the Un

3、ited States andCanada. Some foreign species that are used in the United Statesand Canada are listed in Appendix X1 with their commercialand botanical names.1.2 The official common names conform to USFSAH 41. Inaddition to the official common name for a species, thechecklist also lists other names by

4、 which the species and thelumber produced from it are sometimes designated. Namesunique to Canada are shown with an *.1.3 The designations in parentheses, (North) and (South), aconvention used by theAmerican Lumber Standard Committee(ALSC) accredited lumber rules writing agencies listed inNIST PS 20

5、, identify a commercial name applied only whenthe included species are harvested from Canada as (North) orthe United States as (South).2. Referenced Documents2.1 Other Documents:NIST PS 20 American Softwood Lumber Standard, U.S.Department of CommerceUSFS AH 41 Check List of Native and Naturalized Tr

6、ees ofthe United States (including Alaska), Agriculture Hand-book No. 41, 1953, U.S. Department of Agriculture3. Terminology3.1 Commercial names for lumber represent commercialpractice in the United States and Canada.3.2 Official common tree names are those used to identifytree species.3.3 Botanical

7、 names are those that scientifically identify thegenus and species of individual tree species.3.4 Commercial species groups are those that are combinedfor marketing convenience, for growing within the same foresttimber stand, or for similar performance properties and char-acteristics.3.5 Single spec

8、ies and species groups are provided in Table1 and Table 2 and shown by commercial names, officialcommon tree names, and botanical names.TABLE 1 Commercial Hardwood Species GroupCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botanical NamesAlder: Red Alder red alder Alnus rubraAsh: White Ash blue ash Fraxinus qu

9、adrangulatagreen ash F. pennsylvanicawhite ash F. americanaAspen: quaking aspen (trembling aspen) Populus tremuloidesbigtooth aspen (largetooth aspen) P. grandidentataBasswood4American basswood Tilia americanawhite basswood T. heterophyllaBirch5gray birch Betula populifoliapaper birch B. papyriferar

10、iver birch B. nigrasweet birch B. lentayellow birch B. alleghaniensisBuckeye Ohio buckeye Aesculus glabra1This nomenclature is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.91 on Terminology andEditorial.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013

11、. Published August 2013. Originallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1165 - 07. DOI:10.1520/D1165-13.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE 1 ContinuedCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botani

12、cal Namesyellow buckeye A. octandraCottonwood black cottonwood Populus trichocarpaeastern cottonwood P. deltoidesplains cottonwood P. sargentiiswamp cottonwood P. heterophyllabalsam poplar P. balsamiferaDogwood flowering dogwood Cornus floridaPacific dogwood C. nuttalliHackberry hackberry Celtis occ

13、identalissugarberry C. laevigataHard Maple6black maple Acer nigrumsugar maple A. saccharumHickory mockernut hickory Carya tomentosapignut hickory C. glabrashagbark hickory C. ovatashellbark hickory C. laciniosaLocust black locust Robinia pseudoacaciahoneylocust Gleditsia triacanthosMagnolia cucumber

14、tree Magnolia acuminatasouthern magnolia M. grandiflorasweetbay M. virginianaNorthern Aspen* bigtooth aspen (largetooth aspen) Populus grandidentataquaking aspen (trembling aspen) P. tremuloidesbalsam poplar (balsam) P. balsamiferaPecan bitternut hickory Carya cordiformisnutmeg hickory C. myristicae

15、formiswater hickory C. aquaticapecan C. illinoensisRed Oak black oak Quercus velutinablackjack oak Q. marylandicaCalifornia black oak Q. kelloggiicherrybark oak Q. falcata variant pagodaefolialaurel oak Q. laurifolianorthern pin oak Q. ellipsoidalisnorthern red oak Q. rubraNuttall oak Q. nuttalliipi

16、n oak Q. palustrisscarlet oak Q. coccineaShumard oak Q. shumardiisouthern red oak Q. falcataturkey oak Q. laeviswater oak Q. nigrawillow oak Q. phellosRock Elm cedar elm Ulmus crassifoliarock elm U. thomasiiSeptember elm U. serotinawinged elm U. alata2The commercial names for lumber represent commer

17、cial practice in the United States and Canada. A dagger () indicates names recognized under the American LumberStandard. The designation (North) identifies Canadian lumber exported to the United States. An asterisk (*) indicates a commercial name applied only when the includedspecies are harvested i

18、n Canada.3The official common names conform to the Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States (including Alaska), Agriculture Handbook No. 41, 1953, andare sometimes used as names for lumber. In addition to the official common name for a species, the Check List also lists other

19、names by which the species and the lumberproduced from it are sometimes designated. Names unique to Canada are shown in parentheses.4For some commercial uses where a white appearance is a requirement, the sapwood of American basswood (Tilia americana) is specified under the designation whitebasswood

20、. This commercial use designation should not be confused with the species (Tilia heterophylla) having the common name “white basswood.”5Usually designated either as red birch or as sap (white) birch, as the case may be, or as birch if unselected for color.6Hard maple or soft maple sometimes is speci

21、fied to be white; this can be interpreted as being a requirement for sapwood.D1165 132TABLE 1 ContinuedCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botanical NamesSoft Elm7American elm Ulmus americanaslippery elm U. rubraSoft Maple6red maple Acer rubrumsilver maple A. saccharinumTupelo black tupelo Nyssa sylv

22、aticaOgeechee tupelo N. ogeecheewater tupelo N. aquaticaWhite Oak Arizona white oak Quercus arizonicablue oak Q. douglasiibur oak Q. macrocarpaCalifornia white oak Q. lobatachestnut oak Q. prinuschinkapin oak Q. muehlenbergiiEmory oak Q. emoryiGambel oak Q. gambeliilive oak Q. virginianaMexican blue

23、 oak Q. oblongifoliaOregon white oak Q. garryanaovercup oak Q. lyratapost oak Q. stellataswamp chestnut oak Q. michauxiiswamp white oak Q. bicolorwhite oak Q. albaWillow black willow Salix nigrapeachleaf willow S. amygdaloidesYellow Poplar yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipiferaTABLE 2 Commercial Soft

24、wood Species GroupCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botanical NamesAlaska Cedar Alaska-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensisAlaska Hemlock mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensianawestern hemlock T. heterophyllaAlaska Spruce Sitka spruce Picea sitchensiswhite spruce P. glaucaAlaska Yellow-Cedar Alaska-cedar Ch

25、amaecyparis nootkatensisAlpine Fir-Hem-Fir subalpine fir (alpine fir) Abies lasiocarpaCalifornia red fir A. magnificagrand fir A. grandisnoble fir A. proceraPacific silver fir A. amabiliswhite fir A. concolorwestern hemlock Tsuga heterophyllaBalsalm Fir balsam fir Abies balsameaFraser fir A. fraseri

26、Coast Sitka Spruce* Sitka spruce Picea sitchensisCoast Species* Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesiigrand fir Abies grandisPacific silver fir (amabilis fir) A. amabiliswestern hemlock Tsuga heterophyllawestern larch Larix occidentalisSitka spruce Picea sitchensisCypress8baldcypress Taxodium distichumpo

27、nd cypress T. distichum variant nutans7Soft elm lumber is sometimes designated as white elm.8Cypress includes types designated as red cypress, white cypress, and yellow cypress. Red cypress is frequently classified and sold separately from the other types.D1165 133TABLE 2 ContinuedCommercial Names2C

28、ommon Tree Names3Botanical NamesDouglas Fir-Larch (North)* Douglas-fir9Pseudotsuga menziesiiwestern larch Larix occidentalisDouglas Fir-Larch Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesiiwestern larch Larix occidentalisEastern Hemlock Carolina hemlock Tsuga carolinianaeastern hemlock T. canadensisEastern Hemloc

29、k-Tamarack (North)* eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensistamarack Larix laricinaEastern Hemlock-Tamarack eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensistamarack Larix laricinaEastern Red Cedar eastern redcedar Juniperis virginianasouthern redcedar J. silicicolaEastern Softwoods balsam fir Abies balsameablack spruce Pic

30、ea marianaeastern hemlock Tsuga canadensiseastern white pine Pinus strobusjack pine P. banksianared pine P. resinatared spruce Picea rubenstamarack Larix laricinawhite spruce Picea glaucaEastern Spruce-Balsam Fir balsam fir Abies balsameablack spruce Picea marianared spruce P. rubenswhite spruce P.

31、glaucaEastern Woods bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentataquaking aspen P. tremuloidesbalsam fir Abies balsameaCarolina hemlock Tsuga carolinianaeastern hemlock T. canadensiseastern white pine Pinus strobusjack pine P. banksianared pine P. resinatablack spruce Picea marianared spruce P. rubenswhite sp

32、ruce P. glaucatamarack Larix laricinaEngelmann Spruce blue spruce Picea pungensEngelmann spruce P. engelmanniiEngelmann Spruce-Alpine Fir subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpaEngelmann spruce Picea engelmanniiEngelmann Spruce-Lodgepole Pine lodgepole pine Pinus contortaEngelmann spruce Picea engelmanniiEng

33、elmann Spruce-Lodgepole Pine-Alpine Fir Engelmann spruce Picea engelmanniilodgepole pine Pinus contortasubalpine fir Abies lasiocarpaHem-Fir California red fir Abies magnificagrand fir A. grandisnoble fir A. proceraPacific silver fir A. amabilissubalpine fir A. lasiocarpawhite fir A. concolorHem-Fir

34、 (North)* Pacific silver fir (amabilis fir) Abies amabiliswestern hemlock Tsuga heterophyllaLongleaf Pine longleaf pine Pinus palustris9Douglas-fir from anywhere in the United States except Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.D1165 134TABLE 2 ContinuedCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3B

35、otanical Namesslash pine P. elliottiiMountain Hemlock-Hem Fir California red fir Abies magnificagrand fir A. grandisnoble fir A. proceraPacific silver fir A. amabiliswhite fir A. concolormountain hemlock Tsuga mertensianawestern hemlock T. heterophyllaNorthern Pine jack pine Pinus banksianared pine

36、P. resinosapitch pine P. rigidaNorthern Species* Alaska-cedar (Pacific Coast yellow cedar) Chamaecyparis nootkatensisnorthern white-cedar (eastern white-cedar) Thuja occidentaliswestern redcedar T. plicataDouglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesiibalsam fir Abies balsameagrand fir A. grandisPacific silver fi

37、r (amabilis fir) A. amabilissubalpine fir (alpine fir) A. lasiocarpaeastern hemlock Tsuga canadensiswestern hemlock T. heterophyllaeastern white pine Pinus strobusjack pine P. banksianalodgepole pine P. contortaponderosa pine P. ponderosared pine P. resinosawestern white pine P. monticolablack spruc

38、e Picea marianaEngelmann spruce P. engelmanniired spruce P. rubensSitka spruce P. sitchensiswhite spruce P. glaucatamarack Larix laricinaPonderosa Pine-Lodgepole Pine lodgepole pine Pinus contortaponderosa pine P. ponderosaPonderosa Pine-Sugar Pine ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosasugar pine P. lambert

39、ianaPort Orford Cedar Port-Orford-Cedar Chamaecyparis lawsonianaSouthern Pine (Minor) pond pine Pinus serotinasand pine P. clausaSpruce pine P. glabraVirginia pine P. virginianaSitka spruce Sitka Spruce Picea sitchensisSouthern Pine loblolly pine Pinus taedalongleaf pine P. palustrisshortleaf pine P

40、. echinataslash pine P. elliottiiSpruce-Pine-Fir* balsam fir Abies balsameasubalpine fir (alpine fir) A. lasiocarpajack pine Pinus banksianalodgepole pine P. contortablack spruce Picea marianaEngelmann spruce P. engelmanniired spruce P. rubenswhite spruce P. glaucaSpruce-Pine-Fir (South) balsam fir

41、Abies balsameablack spruce Picea marianaEngelmann spruce P. engelmanniijack pine Pinus banksianalodgepole pine P. contortared pine P. resinosaD1165 135TABLE 2 ContinuedCommercial Names2Common Tree Names3Botanical Namesred spruce Picea rubensSitka spruce P. sitchensiswhite spruce P. glaucaWestern Ced

42、ars (North)* Alaska-cedar (Pacific Coast yellow cedar) Chamaecyparis nootkatensiswestern redcedar Thuja plicataWestern Cedars Alaska-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensisincense-cedar Libocedrus decurrensPort-Orford-cedar Chamaecyparis lawsonianawestern redcedar Thuja plicataWestern Juniper alligator jun

43、iper Juniperus deppeanaRocky Mountain juniper J. scopulorumUtah juniper J. osteospermawestern juniper J. occidentalisWestern Woods California red fir Abies magnificaDouglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesiiEngelmann spruce Picea engelmanniigrand fir Abies grandislodgepole pine Pinus contortamountain hemlock

44、 Tsuga mertensiananoble fir Abies proceraPacific silver fir A. amabilisponderosa pine Pinus ponderosasubalpine fir Abies lasiocarpasugar pine Pinus lambertianawestern hemlock Tsuga heterophyllawestern larch Larix occidentaliswestern white pine Pinus monticolawhite fir Abies concolorWhite Firs Califo

45、rnia red fir Abies magnificagrand fir A. grandisnoble fir A. proceraPacific silver fir A. amabiliswhite fir A. concolorWhite Woods California red fir Abies magnificagrand fir A. grandisnoble fir A. proceraPacific silver fir A. amabilissubalpine fir A. lasiocarpawhite fir A. concolormountain hemlock

46、Tsuga mertensianawestern hemlock T. heterophyllalodgepole pine Pinus contortaponderosa pine P. ponderosasugar pine P. lambertianawestern white pine P. monticolaEngelmann spruce Picea engelmanniiYellow Cedar (N)* pacific coast yellow cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis3.6 Species groups for hardwoods ar

47、e shown in Table 1.3.7 Species groups for softwoods are shown in Table 2.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this standard is to provide common treenames and botanical names for commercial species and speciesgroups but is not intended to be all inclusive of commercialpractice. The decision abo

48、ut which commercial species areincluded in this practice is made by the D07 committee onwood.4.2 Individual species are frequently mixed in commercialspecies groups for marketing or harvesting convenience, or forsimilar appearance or performance properties, or both.4.3 Consumers of lumber, plywood,

49、and other wood-basedproducts may use different mixes of species for the samespecies group name. This practice should provide clarity fornomenclature used throughout wood-consuming industries.5. Keywords5.1 commercial species; domestic hardwoods; domesticsoftwoods; treeD1165 136APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. STANDARD NOMENCLATURE OF FOREIGN SPECIES AND TRADE GROUPS OF WOODSCOMMONLY USED IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA14Commercial Terminology10Botanical Name11Commercial Terminology Botanical Name11HARDWOODS HARDWOODSAbiurana Bumelia obtusif