1、Designation: D117 10Standard Guide forSampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for ElectricalInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide describe
3、s methods of testing and specifica-tions for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intendedfor use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers,and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used asinsulating, or heat transfer media, or both.1.2 The purpose of this guide is t
4、o outline the applicabilityof the available test methods. Where more than one is availablefor measuring a given property, their relative advantages aredescribed, along with an indication of laboratory convenience,precision, (95 % confidence limits), and applicability to spe-cific types of electrical
5、 insulating oils.1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories:Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, ChemicalTests, and Specifications. Within each test category, the testmethods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A listof standards follows:Category Section
6、ASTM MethodSampling: 3 D923, D2759, D3305Physical Tests:Aniline Point 4 D611Coefficient of Thermal Ex-pansion5 D1903Color 6 D1500Examination: Visual Infrared 7 D1524, D2144Flash and Fire Point 8 D92Interfacial Tension 9 D971, D2285Pour Point of PetroleumProducts10 D97Particle Count in MineralInsulat
7、ing Oil11 D6786Refractive Index 12 D1218, D1807Relative Density (SpecificGravity)13 D287, D1217, D1298, D1481Specific Heat 14 D2766Thermal Conductivity 15 D2717Category Section ASTM MethodTurbidity 16 D6181Viscosity 17 D88, D445, D2161Electrical Tests:Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 18 D877, D1816, D33
8、00Dissipation Factor and Rela-tive Permittivity (DielectricConstant)19 D924Gassing CharacteristicUnder Thermal Stress20 D7150Gassing Tendency 21 D2300Resistivity 22 D1169Stability Under ElectricalDischarge23 D6180Chemical Tests:Acidity, Approximate 24 D1534Carbon-Type Composition 25 D2140Compatibili
9、ty with Construc-tion Material26 D3455Copper Content 27 D3635Elements by InductivelyCoupled Plasma (ICP-AES)28 D7151Furanic Compounds inElectrical Insulating Liquids29 D5837Gas Analysis 30 D3612Gas Content 31 D831, D1827, D2945Inorganic Chlorides andSulfates32 D878Neutralization (Acid andBase) Numbe
10、rs33 D664, D974Oxidation Inhibitor Content 34 D2668, D4768Oxidation Stability 35 D1934, D2112, D2440Polychlorinated BiphenylContent36 D4059Relative Content ofDissolved Decay37 D6802Sediment and Soluble Sludge 38 D1698Sulfur, Corrosive 39 D1275Water Content 40 D1533Specification:Mineral Insulating Oi
11、l forElectrical Apparatus41 D3487High Firepoint ElectricalInsulating Oils42 D52221.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values stated in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associa
12、ted with its use. It is the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on ElectricalInsulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD27.01 on Mineral.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2010. Published October 2010. Originallypublished as D117 21 T. Last p
13、revious edition approved in 2002 as D117 02.DOI: 10.1520/D0117-10.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the app
14、lica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D88 Test Method for Saybolt ViscosityD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petrol
15、eum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed AnilinePoint of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon SolventsD664 Test Method for Acid Number of P
16、etroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD831 Test Method for Gas Content of Cable and CapacitorOilsD877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Liquids Using Disk ElectrodesD878 Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides and Sulfates inInsulating OilsD923 Practices for Sampling Electr
17、ical Insulating LiquidsD924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-cal Insulating LiquidsD971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring MethodD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator
18、 TitrationD1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) ofElectrical Insulating LiquidsD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and RefractiveDispersion of Hydrocarbon LiquidsD1250 Guide fo
19、r Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD1275 Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Insu-lating OilsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD1481 Test Method for Density and Relati
20、ve Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin BicapillaryPycnometerD1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D1524 Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Elec-trical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the FieldD1533 Test Method for Water in Insula
21、ting Liquids byCoulometric Karl Fischer TitrationD1534 Test Method for Approximate Acidity in ElectricalInsulating Liquids by Color-Indicator TitrationD1698 Test Method for Sediments and Soluble Sludge inService-Aged Insulating OilsD1807 Test Methods for Refractive Index and SpecificOptical Dispersi
22、on of Electrical Insulating LiquidsD1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE ElectrodesD1827 Test Method for Gas Content (Nonacidic) of Insu-lating Liquids by Displacement with Carbon Dioxide3D1903 Practice for Determining the Coefficient of T
23、hermalExpansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of PetroleumOrigin, and AskarelsD1934 Test Method for Oxidative Aging of Electrical Insu-lating Petroleum Oils by Open-Beaker MethodD2112 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of InhibitedMineral Insulating Oil by Pressure VesselD2140 Practice for Calcu
24、lating Carbon-Type Compositionof Insulating Oils of Petroleum OriginD2144 Practices for Examination of Electrical InsulatingOils by Infrared AbsorptionD2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity toSaybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol ViscosityD2285 Test Method for Interfacial Ten
25、sion of ElectricalInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Against Water by theDrop-Weight Method3D2300 Test Method for Gassing of Electrical InsulatingLiquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (ModifiedPirelli Method)D2440 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of MineralInsulating OilD2668 Test Metho
26、d for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil byInfrared AbsorptionD2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of LiquidsD2759 Practice for Sampling Gas from a TransformerUnder Positive PressureD2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and SolidsD2945
27、 Test Method for Gas Content of Insulating OilsD3300 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Under Impulse Con-ditionsD3305 Practice for Sampling Small Gas Volume in aTransformerD3455 Test Methods for Compatibility of ConstructionMaterial with Electrical In
28、sulating Oil of Petroleum OriginD3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used inElectrical ApparatusD3612 Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved inElectrical Insulating Oil by Gas ChromatographyD3635 Test Method for Dissolved Copper In ElectricalInsulating Oil By Atomic Absorption Spectro
29、photometryD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the sta
30、ndards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.D117 102D4059 Test Method for Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphe-nyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas ChromatographyD4768 Test Method for Analysis of 2,6-Diterti
31、ary-ButylPara-Cresol and 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Phenol in InsulatingLiquids by Gas ChromatographyD5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricat-ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in BaseOils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Em
32、issionSpectrometry (ICP-AES)D5222 Specification for High Fire-Point Mineral ElectricalInsulating OilsD5837 Test Method for Furanic Compounds in ElectricalInsulating Liquids by High-Performance Liquid Chroma-tography (HPLC)D6180 Test Method for Stability of Insulating Oils ofPetroleum Origin Under El
33、ectrical DischargeD6181 Test Method for Measurement of Turbidity in Min-eral Insulating Oil of Petroleum OriginD6786 Test Method for Particle Count in Mineral InsulatingOil Using Automatic Optical Particle CountersD6802 Test Method for Determination of the RelativeContent Of Dissolved Decay Products
34、 in Mineral Insulat-ing Oils by SpectrophotometryD7150 Test Method for the Determination of Gassing Char-acteristics of Insulating Liquids Under Thermal Stress atLow TemperatureD7151 Test Method for Determination of Elements inInsulating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma AtomicEmission Spectrometry
35、 (ICP-AES)SAMPLING3. Sampling3.1 Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents oronly parts thereof, is extremely important from the standpointof evaluation of the quality of the product sampled. Obviously,careless sampling procedure or contamination in the samplingequipment will result in a s
36、ample that is not truly representa-tive. This generally leads to erroneous conclusions concerningquality and incurs loss of the time, effort, and expense involvedin securing, transporting, and testing the sample.3.2 Sample the insulating oil in accordance with PracticesD923, D2759 and D3305 as appro
37、priate.PHYSICAL PROPERTIES4. Aniline Point4.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe aniline point of petroleum products, provided that theaniline point is below the bubble point and above the solidifi-cation point of the aniline-sample mixture.4.2 Summary of Test Method:4.2.1 Test Met
38、hod D611Equal volumes of aniline and testspecimen or aniline and test specimen plus n-heptane areplaced in a tube and mixed mechanically. The mixture is heatedat a controlled rate until the two phases become miscible. Themixture is then cooled at a controlled rate, and the temperatureat which the tw
39、o phases separate is recorded as the anilinepoint.4.3 Significance and UseThe aniline point of an insulat-ing oil indicates the solvency of the oil for some materials thatare in contact with the oil. A higher aniline point implies alower aromaticity and a lower degree of solvency for somematerials.5
40、. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion5.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe coefficient of thermal expansion of electrical insulatingliquids of petroleum origin.5.2 Definition:5.2.1 coeffcient of thermal expansionthe change in vol-ume per unit volume per degree change in temperature.
41、It iscommonly stated as the average coefficient over a giventemperature range.5.3 Summary of Test MethodThe specific gravity of insu-lating oils is determined at two temperatures below 90C andseparated by not less than 5C nor more than 14C. Testmethods used may be D287, D1217, D1298, or D1481. Theca
42、lculation of average coefficient of thermal expansion overthis temperature range is given in Test Method D1903.5.4 Significance and UseA knowledge of the coefficientof expansion of a liquid is essential to compute the requiredsize of a container to accommodate a volume of liquid over thefull tempera
43、ture range to which it will be subjected. It is alsoused to compute the volume of void space that would exist inan inelastic device filled with the liquid after the liquid hascooled to a lower temperature.6. Color6.1 ScopeThis test method covers the visual determina-tion of color of a wide variety o
44、f liquid petroleum products,including mineral insulating oils.6.2 Summary of Test Method:6.2.1 Test Method D1500The test specimen is placed in aglass sample jar (an ordinary 125-mL test specimen bottle issatisfactory for routine tests). The color of the sample bytransmitted light is compared with a
45、series of tinted glassstandards. The glass standard matching the sample is selected,or if an exact match is not possible, the next darker glass isselected. The results are reported numerically on a scale of 0.5to 8.0.6.3 SignificanceA low color number is an essential re-quirement for inspection of a
46、ssembled apparatus in a tank. Anincrease in the color number during service is an indicator ofdeterioration or contamination of the insulating oil.7. Examination7.1 Scope:7.1.1 Both visual examination and qualitative infrared ab-sorption are described in this section. The test methods are:7.1.2 Test
47、 Method D1524This is a visual examination ofmineral insulating oils that have been used in transformers, oilcircuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating orcooling media, or both. This test is intended for use in the field.7.1.3 Test Method D2144The infrared absorption from2.5 to 25
48、m (4000 to 667 cm1) is recorded as a means of (a)establishing continuity by comparison with the spectra ofD117 103previous shipments by the same supplier, (b) for the detectionof some types of contaminants, (c) for the identification of oilsin storage or service. This test method is not intended for
49、 thedetermination of the various constituents of an oil.7.2 Summary of Test Methods:7.2.1 Test Method D1524Estimate the color of the oil byuse of an oil comparator, matching the oil test specimen withtinted glass color standards. Note the presence of cloudiness,particles of insulation, metal corrosion products, or otherundesirable suspended materials in the oil.7.2.2 Test Methods D2144The infrared spectrum is re-corded from 2.5 to 25 m (4000 to 667 cm1) either as theabsorption spectrum itself, or as the differential between thetest specimen and reference oi
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