1、Designation: D 1185 98a (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Methods forPallets and Related Structures Employed in MaterialsHandling and Shipping1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1185; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These te
3、st methods cover the performance of pallets andrelated structures, functioning as skids, bases, platforms, andbins in materials handling and shipping. Their use facilitatesthe protection of both packaged and unpackaged productsduring storage and transportation. The test methods includemeasurements o
4、f the relative resistance of pallets and relatedstructures to deformations, damages, and structural failureswhich detrimentally affect the functionality of the unit load.1.2 These test methods include conditioning requirements,static stiffness and strength tests, and dynamic tests of struc-tural rel
5、iability. These test methods are used to evaluate therelative performance of new, used, or reconditioned generaland special-purpose pallets fabricated from various materialsincluding solid wood, wood composites, fiberboard, honey-comb, plastics, or metal, or to compare the performance ofsuch pallets
6、 and related structures to specified performancecriteria. Recommended criteria for all tests specified in thisstandard are listed in Appendix X2.1.2.1 These test methods are also used to classify pallets assingle- or multiple-use pallets and to determine the safeworking loads for pallets under speci
7、fied load and supportconditions.1.3 Nonmandatory Preliminary TestsBecause each palletmay be used under several different conditions of load andsupport, pallet-design considerations and safe working-loadestimates shall be based on that condition under which thepallet offers least resistance or is mos
8、t severely stressed.1.3.1 Preliminary, short-duration static tests up to the ulti-mate (see 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4) shall be performed on previouslynon-tested pallets to determine which load and support condi-tions influence most severely the pallet load-carrying capacityand safe working loads.1.3.2 Duri
9、ng the development of prototypes leading todesigns that will be subject to acceptance testing, as describedin 1.4, these preliminary tests shall include the free-fall droptests in accordance with 9.1.1.4 Mandatory Acceptance Tests:1.4.1 General-Purpose PalletsWhen the objective of thetest is to dete
10、rmine the safe working load or to classify ageneral-purpose pallet as a single- or multiple-use pallet, alltests described in these test methods shall be performed in theorder specified. The same pallet shall be used for all static anddynamic tests, where feasible.1.4.2 Special-Purpose PalletsWhen t
11、he objective of thetest is to determine the safe working load or to classify aspecial-purpose pallet, as a single- or multiple-use pallet, onlythose tests representing the intended condition of use shall beperformed. Certain specialpurpose pallet designs, because ofthe pallet size, its shape, or the
12、 material of fabrication, orcombinations thereof, cannot be reliably tested using thismethodology. When available, alternative test methods shouldbe used.1.4.3 Field TestingIt is recommended that pallet designspassing these acceptance tests be further subjected to fieldtesting in the distribution en
13、vironment.1.5 Simulation of the Distribution EnvironmentThese testmethods are not intended to lead to exact simulations of palletperformance in the distribution environment. These test meth-ods are designed to relate to practice with the added provisionthat they are repeatable, do not depend on exce
14、ptional skills,and are safe to conduct without elaborate precautions. The test1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current
15、edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 1185 98a(2003).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.findings are not expected to lead to unalter
16、able conclusions.Testing in the distribution environment may be necessary toverify the results obtained from laboratory tests.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap
17、pro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningsare given in 9.5.3.5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resis-tance of Shipping Containers, Components, and UnitLoads
18、D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of ShippingContainersD 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD 1761 Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in WoodD 2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood
19、andWood-Based MaterialsD 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD
20、4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersD 4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing ofShipping ContainersF 680 Test Methods for NailsF 1575 Test Method for Determining Bending Yield Mo-ment of NailsF 1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nail
21、s, Spikes,and Staples2.2 ASME Standard:3MH 1 Pallets, Slipsheets, and Other Bases for Unit Loads2.3 ISO Standard:3ISO 445 Pallets for Material Handling Vocabulary2.4 TAPPI Standard:4TAPPI T 208 OM - 89 Moisture in Wood, Pulp, Paper andPaper Board by Tolvene Distillation3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsT
22、he following standards are applicable,with Terminology D 996, to be considered the governingstandard in the case of a dispute: Terminology D 996, MH 1,and ISO 445.3.2 datum loada preload level applied to the specimen toreduce test variables as influenced by the test setup during theinitial stage of
23、testing. Test deformations shall be assumed tobe zero at this preload level.3.3 general-purpose palletspallets designed and con-structed to support a wide range of loads using a variety ofapplicable handling devices.3.4 preliminary safe working loadan estimate of the safeworking load of a pallet not
24、 yet confirmed by all of theappropriate tests specified in these test methods.3.5 safe working loadThe maximum load, determinedfrom tests, that a pallet can support without failure in handling,storage, and distribution including an appropriate allowancefor variations in performance as well as necess
25、ary safetyfactors.3.6 special-purpose palletspallets designed and con-structed to support a specified load using certain handlingdevices.4. Significance and Use4.1 Static compression and bending tests provide data thatare used to estimate stiffness, strength, and safe working loadsfor pallets under
26、specified load and support conditions. Theseestimates provide a basis for designing pallets and comparingthe performance between pallets of different designs andconstructions.4.2 Dynamic tests provide data which are used to estimatethe physical durability and functionality of a pallet in specifiedma
27、terial handling and shipping environments. These estimatesprovide a basis for designing single or multiple-use pallets.4.3 Other tests may be performed to assess the properties ofspecific materials (Test Methods D 2395, D 4442, D 4444, andT 208 OM) and connecting devices (Test Methods D 1761,F 680,
28、Test Method F 1575, and Specification F 1667), designfeatures, use applications, and other variables encountered.5. Materials5.1 These test methods are pertinent to pallets constructedof materials listed in Table 1.6. Sampling6.1 Sampling shall provide for the selection of representa-tive specimens.
29、 The number of test replications required varies.At least three replications per pallet design shall be tested.7. Conditioning7.1 Some pallets are constructed of materials whose prop-erties are affected by changes in temperature, relative humidity,and environmental moisture conditions prior to and d
30、uring usein the distribution environment. Prior to test, these pallets shallbe conditioned as described in Table 1.7.2 Where conditioning influences pallet performance, thespecified test-specimen environment shall exist during the time2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.
31、org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org
32、.4Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.D 1185 98a (2009)2of testing. If the test environment cannot be maintained at therequired conditioning level, the tests shall be performedimmediately aft
33、er the pallet has been removed from theconditioning environment. Immediately after each individualtest, specimens subjected to Environments A or B shall bereturned to the conditioning environment for a minimum of 1h prior to the next test. For additional details concerningconditioning procedures, se
34、e Practice D 4332.7.3 For wood or wood-base materials, the moisture contentof selected components shall be observed and recorded at thebeginning of the test (see Test Methods D 4442 and D 4444).7.4 Pallets fabricated of several different materials, such ascomposites, shall be conditioned to the extr
35、emes applicable tothe materials in the structure.STATIC TESTS8. Summary of Test Method8.1 Static tests are performed to determine the strength andstiffness of the pallet under specified load and support condi-tions. For all static tests described in 8.3-8.5, the test loadapplied shall include the ma
36、ss of all load applicators supportedby the pallet. The performance criteria in X2.1 ofAppendix X2may be used to determine the safe working load of a pallet (see1.2.1 and 1.4).8.2 Apparatus:8.2.1 Calibrated Compression Testing Machine, with suffi-cient load capacity to structurally fail the pallet an
37、d a suffi-ciently large bed to support the pallet and the pallet supports(see 8.3.2).8.2.2 Floating Head, used for application of rigid loads.8.2.3 Fixed Head, used for supporting load at prescribedangles (see 8.4.1).8.2.4 “Dead Weights” simulate the desired load, used in-stead of a testing machine.
38、 These dead weights shall conformto the description in 8.4.1.8.2.5 Deformations shall be monitored and recorded usingmicrometer dial gages or other suitable measuring devices,such as calibrated sensors, capable of measuring deformationor deflection of 0.025 mm (0.001 in.).8.2.6 Calibration and Stand
39、ardization of the CompressionTest ApparatusThe accuracy of the compression testingdevice shall be verified using procedures described in TestMethod D 642.8.3 Compression Tests on Pallet Deck Spacers orSupportsThe purpose of this test is to determine the resis-tance to compression of deck spacers (st
40、ringers, blocks, andposts) of pallets.8.3.1 Deformation MeasurementsWhen tested in accor-dance with the procedure specified in 8.3.2, record the changein the height, y, at Locations A, B, C, and D, as shown in Fig.1, relative to the ground (or test frame), (1) at the datum load(see 8.3.2 and 3.1); (
41、2) at the beginning and end of the full-loadperiod; and (3) upon unloading, at the datum load (see 8.3.2),every 5 min until successive readings are practically identical(limited to a maximum period of 1 h).8.3.1.1 When, due to test procedure, the deflections atLocations A, B, C, and D are not identi
42、cal, the average of thefour observations shall be used as the test measure (see Fig. 1).8.3.2 Test Procedure:8.3.2.1 Place the pallet in a normal position on a flat, hard,rigid, and horizontal surface. Place a rigid load applicator ofsufficient size to overlap the pallet edges and ends, as shown inF
43、ig. 1.8.3.2.2 Gradually apply the test load at a uniform rate of 0.56 0.1 in./min from 0 to 0.10 R, where R is the preliminary safeworking load based on the preliminary test or on that deter-mined from tests to failure. This value of 0.10 R shall be theTABLE 1 Conditioning and Testing EnvironmentsCo
44、nditioningEnvironmentTemperature,CRelativeHumidity, %MinimumConditioningTime, hPallet Materialno conditioningrequiredunprocessed sawn wood assembled with metal connectorsA,BmetalsA +60 6 2C. 24 plasticsBB 25 6 3 . .CD25 6 320 6 590 6 5.4824paper-based materials, wood assembled with adhesives, and pr
45、ocessedwood (that is, plywood, strandboard, particle board, and other wood basedmaterials).DAThe moisture content of unprocessed sawn wood components shall represent the maximum that would occur during the use of the pallet.BSpecial purpose pallets may be conditioned to temperatures reflecting antic
46、ipated use conditions.C45C shall be the temperature used for 8.4, Pallet Bending Tests.DEnvironment D shall be used for pallets made of these materials when it is expected that the pallets may be exposed to water in the distribution environment.FIG. 1 Load and Support Conditions and Locations of Def
47、lectionMeasurements for Compression Tests of Pallet Deck Spacers orSupportsD 1185 98a (2009)3datum load for subsequent deflection measurements (see Note1). Apply the full test load of 1.1MR, where M is themaximum number of pallet loads expected in a stack duringuse. The datum as well as the full tes
48、t loads shall be applied innot less than 1 min or more than 5 min. Maintain the full testload for a period of at least 24 h. Reduce the test load to thedatum load for the necessary period (see 8.3.1). Take deflectionmeasurements at A, B, C, and D (see Fig. 1).NOTE 1For plastic, corrugated paperboard
49、, or honeycomb pallets,datum load levels of 100 to 200 lbf are recommended.8.3.2.3 If because of the unavailability of a suitable testingmachine, dead weights are used for the test load, they shall besymmetrically placed during loading and unloading. Deadweights shall be carefully placed, without dropping, within a 1to 5-min loading period.8.3.2.4 An alternative to the full pallet compression test isthe test of an individual spacer as in block or post pallets or aportion of the spacer as in stringer pallets (see Fig. 2). Thedatum load shall be adjusted by t
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