1、Designation: D1188 071Standard Test Method forBulk Specific Gravity and Density of Compacted BituminousMixtures Using Coated Samples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEAdded research report i
3、nformation to Section 12 editorially in September 2010.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulkspecific gravity of specimens of Parafilm-coated, compactedbituminous mixtures as defined in Terminology E12.1.2 This method should be used with samples that containopen or interconnec
4、ting voids or absorb more than 2 % ofwater by volume, or both, as determined by Section 8.1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted bituminousmixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of themixture.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associ
5、ated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D979 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving MixturesD1461
6、Test Method for Moisture or Volatile Distillates inBituminous Paving MixturesD2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous MixturesD3203 Test Method for Percent Air Voids in CompactedDense and Open Bituminous Paving MixturesD4753 Guide for Evaluating,
7、Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD5361 Practice for Sampling Compacted Bituminous Mix-tures for Laboratory TestingD6752 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using AutomaticVacuum
8、 Sealing MethodE12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravityof Solids, Liquids, and Gases33. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is useful in calculating percent airvoids as given in Test Method D3203. Since specific gravityhas no units, it must be converted to density when this type
9、 ofmeasurement is required. This conversion is made by multi-plying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the densityof water at the same temperature.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, with ample capacity, and with sufficient sensi-tivity to enable bulk specific gravities to the specimens to becalcul
10、ated to at least four significant figures, that is, to at leastthree decimal places. It shall be equipped with a suitableapparatus to permit weighing the specimen while it is sus-pended in water. The balance shall conform to SpecificationD4753 as a class GP2 balance.4.1.1 Since there are no more sig
11、nificant figures in thequotient (bulk specific gravity) than appear in either thedividend (the mass of the specimen in air) or in the divisor (thevolume of the specimen, obtained from the difference in massof the specimen in air and in water), this means that the balancemust have a sensitivity capab
12、le of providing both mass andvolume values to at least four figures. For example, a sensi-tivity of 0.1 g would provide four significant figures for thedetermination of a mass in the range from 130.0 to 999.9 gwhen the specific gravity is 2.300.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
13、mittee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 onSpecific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D1188 96 (2002)1
14、.DOI: 10.1520/D1188-07E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved versi
15、on of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Water Bath, for immersing the specimen in water whilesuspended, equipped with either an overflow outlet for main-taining
16、a constant water level or an electronic tare feature onthe scale.5. Materials5.1 ParafilmIs an elastomeric film obtainable from mostscientific suppliers.5.2 Polyurethane FoamA foam mat of a minimum of50 3 50 cm (20 3 20 in.) shall be used for the working surfaceby about 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) thick. Addi
17、tionally, a minimum ofone foam pad with a size approximately equal to the topsurface dimensions of the sample shall be on hand.5.3 Calibration CylinderAn approximately 100-mm (4-in.) diameter by 60-mm (2.5-in.) smooth-sided aluminumcylinder.6. Test Specimens6.1 Test specimens may be molded from labo
18、ratory-mixedfield samples or be cut from bituminous pavement in the field.Field samples should be obtained in accordance with PracticeD979. Pavement specimens shall be taken from pavementswith a core drill, diamond, or carborundrum saw, or othersuitable means, in accordance with Practice D5361.6.2 S
19、ize of SpecimensIt is recommended, (1) that thediameter of cylindrically molded or cored specimens, or thelength of the sides of sawed specimens be at least equal to fourtimes the maximum size of the aggregate; and (2) that thethickness of specimens be at least one and one half times themaximum size
20、 of the aggregate.6.3 Take pavement specimens from pavements with a coredrill, diamond or Carborundum saw, or by other suitablemeans.6.3.1 Take care to avoid distortion, bending, or cracking ofspecimens during and after removal from pavement or mold.Store specimens in a safe, cool place.6.3.2 Specim
21、ens shall be free of foreign materials such asseal coat, tack coat, foundation material, soil, paper, or foil.When any of these materials are visually evident, they shall beremoved in accordance with 6.3.3.6.3.3 If desired, specimens may be separated from otherpavement layers by sawing or other suit
22、able means.7. Determine if Coating of Specimens is Needed7.1 Determine the bulk specific gravity of the uncoatedspecimen according to Test Methods D2726 or D6752.7.2 Use the data collected in 7.1 to calculate the percentwater absorbed by the specimen (on volume basis) as follows:% Water Absorbed by
23、Vol. 5B 2 AB 2 C100 (1)where:A = mass of the dry specimen in air, gB = mass of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air, gC = mass of specimen in water, g.7.3 If the percent water absorbed by the specimen in Section7.2 exceeds 2 %, continue with the procedures outlined inSection 8. If the percent w
24、ater absorbed by the specimen doesnot exceed 2 %, report the bulk specific gravity of the uncoatedspecimen as determined in 7.1.8. Procedure8.1 Mass of Uncoated SpecimensAfter the sample hasbeen dried under a fan until a constant mass has been achieved,determine the mass of the sample. Designate thi
25、s as mass A.8.2 Mass of Coated Specimen:8.2.1 On a hard surface, cut two 100 3 100-mm (4 3 4-in.)and one 100 3 200-mm (4 3 8-in.) pieces of Parafilm from theroll with a sharp blade.8.2.2 Peel the backing off of one of the 100 3 100-mm(4 3 4-in.) pieces.8.2.3 Grasp opposite sides of the film and stre
26、tch. Repeatthe stretching with the other two sides until the film has beenstretched to an approximately 150 3 150-mm (6 3 6-in.)square. Take care not to create holes in the film.8.2.4 Place the stretched film over one end of the specimenand press the sides of the film around the sample.8.2.5 Turn th
27、e specimen over and place on the foam mat.Repeat 8.2.2-8.2.4 for the other end of the specimen.8.2.6 After both ends have been wrapped (and working onthe foam mat) place another piece of foam on top of thespecimen that is approximately the same size and shape as thespecimen. Use another specimen of
28、the same size to pressdown on top of the foam. This will eliminate the air pocketsfrom both surfaces.8.2.7 Use a sharp knife to trim the excess film from the sidesof the sample. Take care not to damage the sample. Thereshould be a minimum of 15 mm (approximately 0.5 in.) of filmremaining on the side
29、 of the specimen at each end.8.2.8 Next, peel the backing off of the remaining piece offilm. Grasp the film at the ends and stretch out to about 400 mm(16 in.).8.2.9 Place one end of the stretched film on the side of thespecimen and roll it over so that the film is stretched tightlyover the surface.
30、8.2.10 Fold and press the edges around and over the edgesof the specimen.8.2.11 Determine the mass of the coated specimen in air.Designate this mass as D.8.2.12 Determine the mass of the coated specimen in awater bath at 25C (77F). Designate this mass as E. Measurethe temperature of the water and if
31、 it is different from25C 6 1C (77 6 1.8F), a correction to the bulk specificgravity to 25C must be made in accordance with 10.3.Ifthetemperature of the specimen differs from the temperature of thewater bath by more than 2C (3.6F), the specimen shall beimmersed in the water bath for 10 to 15 min.8.3
32、Apparent Specific Gravity of Parafilm:8.3.1 Determine the specific gravity of the aluminum cali-bration cylinder at 25C (77F) 6 1C (1.8F) first determin-ing the mass in air and then under water. The specific gravityis:GAl5AAlAAl2 BAl(2)D1188 0712where:Aal= dry mass in air, g,Bal= mass under water, g
33、.8.3.2 Dry and wrap aluminum cylinder as described in 8.2and determine the dry, wrapped mass and the mass of thewrapped specimen under water.8.3.3 Determine the specific gravity of the Parafilm at25C (77F) 6 1C (1.8F):F 5DAl2 AAlDAl2 EAl2AAlGAl(3)where:DAl= dry mass of wrapped specimen, g,Eal= mass
34、of wrapped specimen under water, g.9. Moisture Correction9.1 In case the specimen has been obtained during construc-tion or from a pavement and contains moisture, it is necessaryto correct the masses determined in the following sections.9.2 The moisture may be determined by one of two meth-ods.9.2.1
35、 Determine the original mass of the sample. Then drythe uncoated sample to a constant mass in an oven maintainedat a temperature of approximately 110C (230F). A constantmass is defined as less than a 0.05 % change in mass betweenconsecutive 15 min drying intervals. Designate this oven-drymass as Edr
36、y. The mass of the moisture, Emoistis:Emoist5 Eoriginal2 Edry(4)where:Eoriginal= original mass of the specimen, g,Edry= oven dry mass, g.9.2.2 Subtract Emoistfrom any further determinations ofmass in subsequent sections.9.2.3 Alternatively, determine the mass of moisture in thesamples by using Test
37、Method D1461. This method should beused if the bituminous material in the mixture contains anydistillates volatile at a temperature of 110C (230F). The massof the moisture is then subtracted from any determination ofmass in the following sections.10. Calculations10.1 Calculate the bulk specific grav
38、ity of the film-coatedspecimen as follows:Bulk Specific Gravity 5AD 2 E 2D 2 AF(5)where:A = mass of dry specimen in air, g,D = mass of dry, coated specimen, g,E = mass of coated specimen under water, g,F = specific gravity of coating determined at 25C (77F).10.2 Calculate the density of the specimen
39、 as follows:Density 5 Bulk Specific Gravity! g (6)where:g = density of water at 25C (77F) (997.0 kg/m3or 62.24lb/ft3).10.3 Correction for Water Bath Temperature Other than25C (77F).10.3.1 For a difference of water temperature less than orequal to 3C (5.4F), determine the specific gravity as follows:
40、Bulk Specific Gravity at 25C 5 K Bulk at other temperature! (7)where:K = determined from Table 1.10.3.2 For a difference of water temperature greater than3C (5.4F), a correction to the mass of water displaced shallbe made using the following equation:Correction 5DTKs SD 2 E 2D 2 AFD(8)where:DT = 25C
41、 minus the temperature ofthe water bath,Ks=63 105ml/ml/C average coef-ficient of cubical thermal expan-sion of bituminous concrete,(DE(DA)/F)= mass of the volume of water forthe volume of the specimen at25C.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Test method used to determine bulk spe
42、cific gravity.11.1.2 Percent water absorbed.11.1.3 Specific gravity of Parafilm to three decimal places.11.1.4 Moisture correction to four significant figures.11.1.5 Bulk specific gravity at 25C (77F) 6 1C (1.8F)to four significant figures.11.1.6 Density to four significant figures.TABLE 1 Relative
43、Density of Water and Conversion Factor K forVarious TemperaturesTemperature, C Absolute Density of WaterACorrection Factor K10 0.999728 1.00266111 0.999634 1.00256712 0.999526 1.00245813 0.999406 1.00233814 0.999273 1.00220415 0.999129 1.00206016 0.998972 1.00190317 0.998804 1.00173418 0.998625 1.00
44、155519 0.998435 1.00136420 0.998234 1.00116221 0.998022 1.00095022 0.997801 1.00072823 0.997569 1.00049524 0.997327 1.00025325 0.997075 1.00000026 0.996814 0.99973827 0.996544 0.99946728 0.996264 0.99918729 0.995976 0.99889830 0.995678 0.998599AData taken from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th
45、 ed., CRC Press,Inc.D1188 071312. Precision and Bias412.1 Criteria for judging the acceptability of bulk specificgravity test results obtained by this test method are given in thefollowing table:Test and Type Index Standard DeviationAcceptable Range of TwoTest Results (D2S)Single Operator 0.028 0.07
46、9Multiple Laboratory 0.034 0.0951: 10 laboratories, 2 materials, 3 replicates for 1 material and 2 replicates forthe second12.2 Since there is no accepted reference material suitablefor determining the bias for the procedure for measuringdensity, no statement on the bias of this test method is being
47、made.13. Keywords13.1 bituminous paving mixturescompacted; bulk spe-cific gravity/densityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination o
48、f the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.
49、 Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
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