1、Designation: D 1234 85 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method ofSampling and Testing Staple Length of Grease Wool1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1234; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2covers procedures for sampling andmeasuring the unstretched staple length, and variability inlength
3、, of grease or pulled wool staples. The test method is alsoapplicable to mohair and other animal fibers in staple form. Theprocedure is not recommended for individual fibers or groupsof straightened fibers.NOTE 1The determination of fiber length in wool top is covered inTest Method D 519, the determ
4、ination of fiber length of wool is coveredin Test Method D 1575.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values stated in SI units are provided forinformation purposes only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated wi
5、th its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 519 Test Method for Length of
6、Fiber in Wool TopD 1575 Test Method for Fiber Length of Wool in ScouredWool and in Card SliverD 4271 Practice for Writing Statements on Sampling in TestMethods for Textiles3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 grease wool, nwool taken from the living sheep andwhich has not been commercially scoured.3.
7、1.2 staple, nin grease wool, a tuft or lock of fiberswhich naturally cling together, as found in a fleece.3.1.3 staple length, nin grease wool, the length of a stapleobtained by measuring the natural staple without stretching ordisturbing the crimp of the fibers.3.1.4 For definitions of other terms
8、used in this test method,refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 By hand or by means of a sampling tool, staples(subsampling units) are withdrawn from randomly selectedsampling units (bags, bales, or packages) from a lot of wool orother animal fibers. The unstretched lengths of the s
9、taples aremeasured and the average staple length, standard deviation,and coefficient of variation calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 The testing procedure in this test method for thedetermination of staple length is considered satisfactory foracceptance testing of commercial shipments of grease w
10、oolsince the test method has been used in the trade for acceptancetesting.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determi
11、ne if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in questio
12、n. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a
13、bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light ofthe known bias.5.2 The test method is used for the determination of theaverage unstretched staple length and the staple length distri-bution of a lo
14、t of wool in order to assign length classes whendetermining the conformance of lots and shipments to lengthspecifications.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.Current edition approved Aug
15、. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 1234 85 (2001).2Further information covering the procedures and techniques described in thistest method appears in D. D. Johnston, H. Dean Ray, W. J. Manning, and E. M.Pohle, “Relationships of
16、Staple Length in Grease Wool and Resultant Top,” TextileResearch Journal, Vol 21, October 1951, pp. 757762.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stand
17、ards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 In this test method, the size of a lot covered by the testprocedure is limited to not more than 200 packages per test.Any shipment exce
18、eding the above limits is divided into lotswithin the prescribed limits.5.4 The nature of the sampling procedure is such that greasewool staples as originally drawn from the wool of the lotrequire only a slight amount of preparation before measure-ment. The bulk and laboratory samples are synonymous
19、 in thistest method.5.5 Compression of wool in the bale makes it difficult topenetrate the interior of the bale with the sampling tool.However, staples can be drawn from the surface of the balewith the sampling tool or by hand.5.6 Practice D 4271 contains information on how to write asection on samp
20、ling in test methods.NOTE 2An extensive discussion of grease wool staple sampling canbe found in the literature.46. Apparatus6.1 Sampling ToolA spear-shaped tool with a hook orbarb at one end for use in extracting a small quantity of woolfrom within a bag (Fig. 1). This tool is not available commer-
21、cially.6.2 Velvet BoardA board or pad, 6 by 12 in. (150 by 300mm), covered with black velvet or a black low-pile material.6.3 RulerA scale graduated in inches and 0.25-in. (5-mm)divisions or a metric scale graduated in millimetres.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take
22、at random the number of packages of wool from a lot asdirected in Table 1. Consider packages of wool as the primarysampling units.7.2 Laboratory SamplesConsider the packages of wool inthe lot sample as the laboratory sample.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each package in the laboratorysample, take ten staple
23、s, with five staples being taken at equallyspaced intervals from each of two opposite sides of thepackage. Each staple should be about 0.25 in. (5 mm) indiameter. If larger, reduce the staple to the correct size bygently withdrawing the excess fibers from one side of thestaple. Take the staples as f
24、ollows:7.3.1 Sampling by Tool:7.3.1.1 Depth of DrawGage the depth for inserting thesampling tool so that different levels of the package aresampled. For example, draw the first specimen from the centerof the package, the next about two thirds of the distance fromthe outside to the center, and the th
25、ird specimen about one thirdthe distance from the outside to the center. Repeat this order atrandom locations along each side of the bag for drawing eachsuccessive test specimen.7.3.1.2 Taking a DrawInsert the point of the tool throughthe burlap covering of the package at random locations and4Donald
26、 D. Johnston, H. Dean Ray, and Elroy M. Pohle, “Staple LengthSampling Schedules for Raw Wool Packaged in Bags,” U.S. Dept. of AgricultureMarketing Service, No. 182, 1957, p. 15.in.mm183.03165.0146.03810.01213.033886.04102.0412114.0458118.024610.0FIG. 1 Wool Staple Sampling ToolTABLE 1 Sampling Sched
27、ule for Wool in PackagesNumber of Packagesin LotNumber of Packagesin Lot SampleLess than 10 all10 to 100 10101 to 200 15More than 200 20D 1234 85 (2008)2thrust the shaft to the depth as described in 7.3.1.1. Pull the toolfrom the package, using a slight turning movement. Retain, asthe test specimen,
28、 that portion of the wool staple lodged in thehook of the sampling tool.7.3.2 Sampling by HandCut a 2-in. (50-mm) opening inthe burlap covering the package at the point where the sampleis to be withdrawn. Withdraw a staple at random from theexposed wool with the fingers. Discard and replace the stap
29、leif it appears to have been cut by opening the burlap.8. Conditioning8.1 For tests made as directed in Section 9, specimens needbe neither preconditioned nor conditioned.9. Procedure9.1 Place the ruler lengthwise on the velvet board. Lay thestaple alongside the ruler, flattening and pressing the st
30、aple outstraight in order to remove any crooks or bends. Do not stretchor elongate the staple by pulling or exerting pressure. With thestaple held in position by the pile of the fabric, carefully adjustthe position of the ruler so that the zero mark corresponds withthe base of the staple. Remove the
31、 hands and read the length ofthe staple to the nearest 0.25 in. (5 mm). When a staple doesnot have a clearly defined length, that is, a blunt end, but hasa tapered end or tip, determine the length at a point midwaybetween the base of the taper and the tip. Record the measure-ments obtained from succ
32、essive staples by 0.25 in. on aclass-interval form as shown in Table 2.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the average staple length and the standarddeviation rounded to the nearest 0.1 in. (2 mm), and calculatethe coefficient of variation to the nearest 0.1 %. If the distri-bution of staple lengths is de
33、sired, calculate cumulative fre-quencies and construct a cumulative staple length frequencycurve. The worksheet illustrated in Table 2 is recommended forrecording and calculating the test data. Plot a cumulative staplelength frequency curve like that illustrated in Fig. 2. Plot thepoints using the f
34、irst cumulative frequency and the correspond-ing upper limit for each class interval (100 % and 4.125 in. forthe first class interval in Table 2). Plot zero percent at the lowerlimit for the smallest class interval (1.375 in. for the data inTable 2).11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11
35、.1.1 Conditions of Test:11.1.1.1 Identification of lot sampled,11.1.1.2 Number and type of packages in lot,11.1.1.3 Sampling procedure employed,11.1.1.4 Number of staples drawn, and11.1.1.5 Any deviations from standard method.11.1.2 Test Results:11.1.2.1 Average staple length rounded to the nearest
36、0.1in.,11.1.2.2 Standard deviation of the individual staple lengths,TABLE 2 Illustrative Form for Recording Test Data and Calculating the Average Staple Length of Wool, the Standard Deviation, and theCoefficient of Variation(A similar form can be developed based upon metric units.)Staple Length Anal
37、ysisLot No .Sample Operator Date .Cumulative FrequenciesClass Intervals, in. Tally Frequency PercentFirst Cumula-tive, less thanSecond Cumula-tive, less than3.875 to 4.125 . 2 2 100 5883.625 to 3.875 . 6 6 98 4883.375 to 3.625 . 10 10 92 3903.125 to 3.375 . 7 7 82 2982.875 to 3.125 . 18 18 75 2162.6
38、25 to 2.875 . 17 17 57 1412.375 to 2.625 . 15 15 40 842.125 to 2.375 . 14 14 25 441.875 to 2.125 . 6 6 11 191.625 to 1.875 . 2 2 5 81.375 to 1.625 . 3 3 3 3Totals . . n = 100 588 2279Divided by n . . . F1= 5.88 F2= 22.79B = Largest midpoint value = 4.00 in.m = Class interval = 0.25 in.X= Average sta
39、ple length, in.S = Standard deviation, in.v = Coefficient of variationX= Bm(F1 1) = 4.00 0.25 (5.88 1) = 2.78S =m =2F22 F12 F12= 0.25 =222.79! 2 5.88 2 5.88!2=0.57in.V = 100s/X = (100)(0.57)/2.78 = 20.50 %.D 1234 85 (2008)311.1.2.3 Coefficient of variation of the individual staplelengths, and11.1.2.
40、4 Cumulative frequency curve if desired.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionWhen measuring the minimum number oftest specimens called for in Table 1, the 95 % confidence limitswould be a minimum of 64 % of the mean staple length.412.2 BiasTest method D 1234 for testing the staple lengthof grease woo
41、l has no known bias and is generally used as areferee test method.13. Keywords13.1 length; sampling; statistics; woolASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly
42、advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, eit
43、her reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend
44、. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Ind
45、ividual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 2 Cumulative Staple Length Frequency CurveD 1234 85 (2008)4
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