1、Designation: D1322 151D1322 18 An American National StandardDesignation: 598/12Standard Test Method forSmoke Point of KerosineKerosene and Aviation TurbineFuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defe
3、nse.1 NOTESubsection 13.2 was corrected editorially in August 2015.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosinekerosene and aviation turbine fuel,a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.1.2 An
4、interlaboratory study was conducted in 2012 (see ASTM RR:D02-1747 for supporting data) involving 11 manuallaboratories and 13 automated laboratories, with 15 samples tested in blind duplicate. The automated procedure demonstratedobjective rating and superior control and should be considered the pref
5、erred approach.is the referee procedure.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof
6、the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizatione
7、stablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petrole
8、um ProductsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-ment System Performance2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP 367 Petroleum products - Determination productsDetermination and application of precision data in relation to m
9、ethods oftestIP 598 Petroleum products - Determination productsDetermination of the smoke point of kerosine,kerosene, manual andautomated methodNOTE 1Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum (now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.3. Terminology3.1 D
10、efinitions:3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, nrefined petroleum distillate, generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.03 on
11、 Combustion and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved April 1, 2015April 1, 2018. Published June 2015April 2018. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 asD1322 14a.D1322 151. DOI: 10.1520/D1322-15E01.10.1520/D1322-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theAST
12、M website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.
13、uk.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior
14、editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
15、2959. United States13.1.1.1 DiscussionDifferent grades are characterized by volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.3.1.2 kerosine,kerosene, nrefined petroleum distillate, boiling between 140140 C and 300C,300 C, generally used inlighting and heating applications.3.1.2.1 DiscussionDiffer
16、ent grades are characterized by volatility ranges and sulfur content.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 smoke point, nthe maximum height, in millimetres, of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of specifieddesign.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is burned
17、in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smokepoint. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved with the test fuel without smoking is determined to the nearest 0.5 mmwith the manual apparatus and by the manual and automated apparatus is reported
18、to the nearest 0.1 mm with the automatedapparatus.0.1 mm.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosineskerosenes and aviationturbine fuels in a diffusion flame.The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition o
19、f such fuels. Generally the morearomatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel.Because radiant heat transfer exe
20、rts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts ofgas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.6. Apparatus6.1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual), as shown in Fig. 1 and described in de
21、tail in Annex A1.6.2 Smoke Point Lamp (Automated)4, in addition to the basic components described in AnnexA1, as shown in Fig. 2, automatedunits also shall be equipped with a digital camera connected to a computer to analyze and record the height of the flame, a candledisplacement system to adjust t
22、he height of the flame, and a barometric pressure acquisition system associated to a calibrationdatabase to select the right calibration value for the automatic calculation of the correction factor defined in 10.1.2.6.2.1 The digital camera associated to its dedicated software shall have a minimum r
23、esolution of 0.05 mm 0.05 mm for the flameheight measurement.6.2.2 Due to the vastly superior resolution of the digital camera compared to the human eye, smoke point shall be measuredby the automated unit when available. In case of dispute between results from manual and automated methods, the refer
24、ee shallbe considered the automated method.6.3 BarometerWith accuracy of 60.5 kPa.60.5 kPa.6.4 Wick, of woven solid circular cotton of ordinary quality, having the following characteristics:Casing 17 ends, 66 tex by 3Filling 9 ends, 100 tex by 4Weft 40 tex by 2Picks 6 per centimetre6.5 Pipettes or B
25、urettes, Class A.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Toluene, ASTM Reference Fuel grade. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.1.)7.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), minimum purity 99.75 mass %.99.75 % by mass. (WarningFlammable, vaporharmful. (See Annex A2.2.)7.3 Methanol (methyl alcohol), a
26、nhydrous. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.3.)4 The sole source of supply of the automated apparatus known to the committee at this time isAD systems (www.adsystems-), model SP10 Smoke Point, availablefrom AD systems, Alle de Cindais, P.A. Portes de la Suisse Normande, 14320 Saint-And
27、r-sur-Orne, France. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you mayattend.D1322 1827.4 Reference Fuel Blends, appropriate
28、 to the fuels under test, prepared accurately from toluene and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, inaccordance with the compositions given in Table 1, by means of calibrated burettes or pipettes, with a precision of 60.2%60.2 %or better.7.5 Heptane, minimum purity 99 mass %.99 % by mass. (WarningExtremely flam
29、mable, vapor harmful if inhaled. (SeeAnnex A2.4.)8. Sampling and Preparation of Samples8.1 It is recommended samples shall be taken by the procedures described in Practice D4057. Use the sample as received.Allowall samples to come to ambient temperature (20(20 C 6 5C),5 C), without artificial heatin
30、g. If the sample is hazy or appearsto contain foreign material, filter through qualitative filter paper.9. Preparation of ApparatusManual Apparatus9.1 Place the lamp in a vertical position in a room where it can be completely protected from drafts. Carefully inspect each newlamp to ensure that the a
31、ir holes in the gallery and the air inlets to the candle holder are all clean, unrestricted, and of proper size.The gallery shall be so located that the air holes are completely unobstructed.NOTE 2Slight variations in these items all have a marked effect on the precision of the result obtained.FIG.
32、1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual)D1322 1839.1.1 If the room is not completely draft-free, place the lamp in a vertical position in a box constructed of heat-resistant material(not containing asbestos), open at the front. The top of the box shall be at least 150 mm 150 mm above the top of the chimneyand th
33、e inside of the box painted dull black.Automated Apparatus9.2 Prepare the apparatus according to the manufacturers instructions.9.3 Extract all wicks, either new or from a previous determination, for at least 25 cycles in an extractor, using a mixture of equalvolumes of toluene and anhydrous methano
34、l. Allow the wicks to dry partially in a hood before placing in the oven, or use aforced-draft and explosion-proof oven for drying wicks, or both. Dry for 30 min 30 min at 100100 C to 110C,110 C, and storein a dessicator until used.9.3.1 Extracted wicks are commercially available and may be used, pr
35、ovided that they have been certified as being extractedby the procedure outlined in 9.3. Store purchased extracted wicks in a desiccator over desiccant until use. After use, extract thesewicks as in 9.3 before using again.10. Calibration of ApparatusManual Apparatus10.1 Confirm calibration of the ap
36、paratus in accordance with 10.1.3 or calibrate, if needed, in accordance with 10.1.1 prior tofirst use of the day. Recalibrate when there has been a change in the apparatus or operator, or when a change of more than 0.7 kPa0.7 kPa occurs in the barometric pressure reading.10.1.1 Calibrate the appara
37、tus by testing two of the reference fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified inSection 11 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the sample. If this is not possible, use the two test blends having theirsmoke points nearest to the smoke point of the sample.10.1.2 Determine
38、 the correction factor, f, for the apparatus from the equation:FIG. 2 Smoke Point Principle (Automated)TABLE 1 Reference Fuel BlendsStandard Smoke Point at101.3 kPa Toluene 2,2,4-trimethylpentanemm % (V/V) % (V/V)14.7 40 6020.2 25 7522.7 20 8025.8 15 8530.2 10 9035.4 5 9542.8 0 100D1322 184f 5A s A
39、d!1B s B d!2 (1)where:where:As = the standard smoke point of the first reference fuel blend,Ad = the smoke point determined for the first reference fuel blend,Bs = the standard smoke point of the second reference fuel blend, andBd = the smoke point determined for the second reference fuel blend.If t
40、he smoke point determined for the test fuel exactly matches the smoke point determined for a reference fuel blend, use asthe second bracketing reference fuel the reference fuel blend with the next higher smoke point, if there is one. Otherwise, use theone with the next closest smoke point.10.1.3 An
41、alternative approach to confirm calibration of the apparatus is for each operator to run a control sample each day theapparatus is in use. Record the results and compare the average from the database of the control sample using control charts orequivalent statistical techniques. If the difference ex
42、ceeds the control limits or when new apparatus is used, then the apparatus mustbe recalibrated.Automated Apparatus10.2 The apparatus shall have a calibration database for the storage of the reference fuel blends values specified in Table 1. Eachcalibration test performed with the reference fuel blen
43、ds shall be stored in this database in addition with the barometric pressureobserved at the moment the calibration was performed.10.2.1 The apparatus shall have the capability to automatically calculate the correction factor f according to Eq 1 byautomatically selecting in its calibration database t
44、he reference fuel blends values specified in Table 1, using the procedurespecified in Section 11 and the calculation specified in Section 12 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the sample. Ifthis is not possible, it shall use the two test blend results having their smoke points nearest t
45、o the smoke point of the sample.NOTE 3The digital camera and the associated software replace the operator eyes for the observation of the flame. Consequently it is not necessaryto recalibrate the apparatus when there has been a change in the operator.10.2.2 Record the barometric pressure and check i
46、n the calibration database that the instrument has been calibrated at thatrecorded pressure 60.7 kPa. 60.7 kPa. If no calibration values exist for the seven blends specified in Table 1 at the pressureobserved 60.7 kPa, 60.7 kPa, calibrate the apparatus in accordance with 10.2.3. If calibration value
47、s exist for the seven blendsspecified in Table 1, in other words, if the instrument has been already calibrated at the pressure observed, check the apparatusin accordance with 10.2.4.NOTE 4Because the automated apparatus stores the smoke points obtained with the reference fuels at different barometr
48、ic pressures, it is not necessaryto recalibrate the apparatus when a change of more than 0.7 kPa 0.7 kPa occurs in the barometric pressure reading. Depending on the barometric pressureentered at the test initiation, the apparatus will automatically use the correct stored values obtained with the fue
49、l blends. If the correct values are not yetstored, the apparatus will prompt the operator in order to perform the calibration at the pressure observed.10.2.3 Calibrate the apparatus by testing the seven reference fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified inSection 11.10.2.4 At regular intervals of not more than seven days or when there has been a change in the apparatus, verify that theapparatus is performing properly by using a quality control (QC) sample that is representative of the fuel(s) routinely teste
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