1、Designation: D 140 01 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forSampling Bituminous Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice applies to the sampling of bituminousmateria
3、ls at points of manufacture, storage, or delivery.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibi
4、lity of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of CokeSamples for Laboratory Analysis3. Significan
5、ce and Use3.1 Sampling is as important as testing, and precautionsshall be taken to obtain samples to show the true nature andcondition of the materials.3.2 Samples are taken for either of the following twopurposes:3.2.1 To represent as nearly as possible an average of thebulk of the materials sampl
6、ed, or3.2.2 To ascertain the maximum variation in characteristicswhich the material possesses.4. Precautions4.1 Because of the numerous types and grades of bitumi-nous materials that are alternately shipped and stored in thesame or similar containers, the opportunity for contaminatingthese container
7、s with residues, precipitates, or cleaning sol-vents is ever present. Numerous opportunities also exist forobtaining samples which are not strictly representative of thematerial or are contaminated after removal. Therefore it isincumbent upon the producer, transporter, user, and sampler toexercise c
8、ontinuous precaution in the sampling and handling ofthese materials.5. Selection of Samples5.1 Whenever practicable, bituminous materials shall besampled at the point of manufacture or storage, and at suchtime as to allow the tests controlling acceptance or rejection tobe made in advance of shipment
9、.5.2 When the samples cannot be taken at the point ofmanufacture or storage, they shall be taken from the shipmentimmediately upon delivery.6. Size of Samples6.1 The sample size of liquid materials shall be as follows:6.1.1 For routine laboratory examination, 1 L (1 qt) (emul-sions 4 L (1 gal),6.1.2
10、 From bulk storage, 4 L (1 gal), or6.1.3 From barrels or drums, 1 L (1 qt).6.2 The sample size of semisolid or solid materials shall beas follows:6.2.1 From barrels, drums, or cakes, 1 to 2 kg (2 to 3 lb), or6.2.2 From crushed or powdered material in bulk or bags, 1to 2 kg (2 to 3 lb).7. Containers7
11、.1 Type of Containers:7.1.1 Containers for liquid bituminous materials, exceptemulsions, shall be wide-mouth cans with lined screw caps ortriple-seal friction-top cans.7.1.2 Containers for emulsified bituminous materials shallbe wide-mouth jars or bottles made of plastic, or wide-mouthplastic-lined
12、cans with lined screw caps, or plastic-linedtriple-seal friction-top cans.7.1.3 Containers for crushed or powdered bituminous ma-terials shall be triple-seal friction-top cans or plastic sacksplaced in other containers suitable for handling.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
13、D04 on Road andPaving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.30 onMethods of Sampling.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published February 2007. Originallyapproved in 1922. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 140 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
14、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United
15、States.7.2 Size of Containers:7.2.1 The size of the container shall correspond to therequired amount of sample.8. Protection and Preservation of Samples8.1 Sample containers shall be new. They shall not bewashed or rinsed, or wiped with an oily cloth. If they containevidence of solder flux, or if th
16、ey are not clean and dry, theyshall not be used. Top and container shall fit together tightly.8.2 Care shall be taken to prevent the sample from becom-ing contaminated. Immediately after filling, the container shallbe tightly and positively sealed.8.3 The filled sample container shall not be submerg
17、ed insolvent, nor shall it be wiped with a solvent saturated cloth. Ifcleaning is necessary use a clean dry cloth.8.4 Samples of emulsions shall be protected from freezingby correct packaging.NOTE 1When sampling emulsions, care should be taken not to samplematerial under pressure as such resultant v
18、elocities tend to cause airentrapment which could result in erroneous test results. Any visualbubbling of the material is one indication air has been entrapped. Inaddition, the sampling container should be completely filled to minimizea skin formation at the air-emulsion interface.8.5 Samples shall
19、not be transferred from one container toanother except where required by the sampling procedure.8.6 Immediately after filling, sealing, and cleaning, thesampling containers shall be properly marked for identificationwith a suitable marking pencil on the container itself, not onthe lid. Labels or tag
20、s also may be used for identification if theycan be securely fastened to the container in such a manner asto ensure that they will not be lost in transit. Labels or tagsshall not be attached to containers by using the lids to securethem. All identification materials shall maintain their integrityat
21、temperatures up to 200C.9. Sampling at Place of Manufacture9.1 Vertical Tanks Not Capable of Being Agitated (LiquidMaterials or Materials Made Liquid by Heating) (800 m3(5000 bbl) or more capacity)Three sampling methods arerecommended (Note 2):9.1.1 Sampling-Valve MethodValves shall be located,with
22、easy and safe access provided, on the side of the tank withthe first in the top third of the tank, but no higher than1m(3ft) from the top; the second in the middle third of the tank; andthe third in the bottom third of the tank, but no lower than 1.1m (3 ft) from the bottom. A recommended design of
23、thesampling valve is shown in Fig. 1.9.1.1.1 A minimum of 4 L (1 gal) of the product shall bedrawn from each sample valve and discarded before taking thesample for test, and9.1.1.2 One to 4 L (1 qt to 1 gal) shall be drawn from eachsample valve for test.9.1.2 Thief Sampler Method (not suitable for a
24、sphaltcements)Samples shall be taken in the top, middle, and lowersections at levels indicated in 9.1.1, of the tank by lowering athief sampler into the material. A satisfactory type withinstructions for use is shown in Fig. 2.NOTE 2Most bituminous materials in the liquid state are of suchviscous an
25、d adhesive character that, after normal emptying of a containerby pouring, the container retains enough material to cause significantcontamination of any second samples secured before the container wasFIG. 1 Typical Submerged Sampling DeviceNOTE 1This type sampler is lowered into the tank with botto
26、m valveopen (there is no top closure). When the desired depth is reached, thelowering chain is given a snap tug which closes the bottom valve. Thesampler is then withdrawn from the tank and the contents transferred tothe sample container. This sampler may be used for repetitive sampling inthe same t
27、ank.FIG. 2 Thief SamplerD 140 01 (2007)2thoroughly cleaned. The aforementioned properties of bituminous mate-rials also make container cleaning a difficult, tedious, and time-consumingtask.NOTE 3The thief sampler described in Fig. 2 may be used forrepetitive sampling because significant sample conta
28、mination by previouscontents is avoided by the self-cleaning action provided by the passage ofmaterial through the tube-shaped thief sampler which is open at both ends.The practice of raising and lowering the sampler 3 or 4 times through adistance of a metre (several feet) at the sampling depth is r
29、ecommended.9.1.3 Throw-Away Container MethodSamples shall betaken at top, middle, and lower levels by lowering into thematerial a container in a suitable weighted holding device. Theessential feature of the method is to use a clean container totake the sample, pour this sample into another clean con
30、tainer,and throw away the container used to take the sample from thetank. A satisfactory type with instructions on how to use thedevice is shown in Fig. 3.9.1.4 The three samples from bulk storage tanks may betested separately for consistency to detect stratification. Theymay be combined, thoroughly
31、 mixed, anda1to4-L(1-qt to1-gal) sample may be taken for other tests that may be requiredfor determining average characteristics of the material.9.2 Bulk Storage Tanks (Liquid Materials or MaterialsMade Liquid by Heating) Equipped with Mechanical AgitatorsWhen the tank is equipped with operating mec
32、hanicalagitators which, by observation through the sampling orinspection hatch, are performing adequate mixing of the tankcontents, a single sample taken by any of the methodsdescribed in 9.1.1, 9.1.2,or9.1.3 will be satisfactory to use fortest purposes.10. Sampling from Tank Cars, Vehicle Tanks, Di
33、stributorTrucks or Recirculating Storage Tanks10.1 The sample may be taken from the sample valve or tapif the tanks are provided with them. When such samplingdevices are required, they are to be built into the tank itself. Asampling device of this type is shown in Fig. 1. Before thesample is taken,
34、4 L (1 gal) shall be drawn from the samplevalve and discarded.NOTE 1This type sampler is lowered into the tank with the stopper in place. When the desired depth is reached, the stopper is removed by meansof the attached wire, cord, or chain and the container allowed to fill. Complete filling is indi
35、cated by the cessation of bubbles of air from the can at thesurface of the liquid. The sampler is then withdrawn from the tank and the contents poured into the clean sampler container. A clean can (bottle) mustbe used for each sample taken.FIG. 3 Throw-Away Container SamplerD 140 01 (2007)310.2 Samp
36、les of liquid materials and materials made liquidby heating may be taken by the dip method using a cleanwide-mouth or friction-top can in a suitable holder as shown inFig. 4. A clean container must be used to take each sample, andthe material sampled shall then be transferred to another newand clean
37、 container for retention or testing sample.10.3 A detachable fitting, similar in design to the one shownin Fig. 5 may be inserted in the discharge line. Before thesample is taken 4 L (1 gal) shall be drawn from this samplingvalve and discarded.11. Sampling from Tankers and Barges11.1 For liquid mate
38、rials (including all cut-backs madeliquid by heating) top, middle, and lower samples shall betaken using the methods as described in 9.1.2 and 9.1.3.11.2 For all other materials made liquid by heating, a topsample only shall be taken by the dip, thief, or throw-awaycontainer method.12. Sampling from
39、 Pipe Lines During Loading orUnloading12.1 When tankers and barges are being loaded or unloadedsamples may conveniently be taken from the pipe line throughwhich the material is flowing by insertion of a sampling pipeinto a rising section of the pipe line on the discharge side of thepump or in a comp
40、letely filled line in which gravity creates thematerials flow.Asuitable in-line sampling pipe is shown in Fig.5. The sampling pipe shall be not more than one eighth thediameter of the pipe line and its opening should be turned toface the flow of the liquid. This pipe shall be provided with avalve or
41、 plug cock and shall discharge into a sample receiver.At least three 4-L (1-gal) samples shall be taken at uniformintervals throughout the entire loading or unloading. At thecompletion of the loading or unloading, the individual 4-Lsamples shall be combined, thoroughly mixed without alteringits char
42、acteristics, and a 4-L sample taken therefrom.12.2 When sampling tankers and barges 4000 m3(25 000bbl), or less, capacity, at least five 4-L (1-gal) samples shall betaken at uniform intervals throughout the entire loading orunloading (4000 m3), or larger, capacity requires at least ten4-L samples).
43、At completion of the loading or unloading theindividual 4-L samples shall be combined, thoroughly mixed ina manner designed to not alter its characteristics, and a 4-Lsample taken therefrom.13. Sampling from Drums or Barrels13.1 After thorough mixing, samples of liquid bituminousmaterial from barrel
44、s or drums shall be secured by tube or thiefsampling by taking 1 L (1 qt) of material from packagesselected at random according to Section 14.14. Sampling Semisolid or Uncrushed Solid Materials14.1 Drums, Barrels, Cartons, and BagsWhere the lot ofmaterial to be sampled is obviously from a single run
45、 or batchof the producer, one package shall be selected at random andsampled as described below. Where the lot of material to besampled is not obviously from a single run or batch of theproducer, or where the single samples selected as describedabove fails on test to conform to the requirements of t
46、hespecifications, a number of packages shall be selected atrandom equivalent to the cube root of the total number ofpackages in the lot. The following table is given, showing thenumber of samples to be selected for shipments of varioussizes.Packages in Shipment Packages Selected2to8 29to27 328 to 64
47、 465 to 125 5126 to 216 6217 to 343 7344 to 512 8513 to 729 9730 to 1000 101001 to 1331 11Samples shall be taken from at least 75 mm (3 in.) below thesurface and at least 75 mm from the side of the container. Aclean hatchet may be used if the material is hard enough toshatter and a broad, stiff putt
48、y knife if the material is soft.When more than one package in a lot is sampled, eachindividual sample shall have a mass of not less than 0.1 kg (14lb) in weight. When the lot of material is obviously from asingle run or batch of the producer, all samples from the lotshall be melted and thoroughly mi
49、xed, and an average 4-L(1-gal) sample taken from the combined material for examina-tion. In case more than a single run or batch of the producer ispresent and the batches can be clearly differentiated, a com-posite 4-L sample shall be prepared for examination from eachbatch. Where it is not possible to differentiate between thevarious batches, each sample shall be examined separately.15. Sampling Crushed or Powdered Materials15.1 Bulk Storage Solid bituminous materials in crushedfragments or powder shall be sampled in accordance withNOTE 1Sampler with can secured in
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