1、Designation: D1403 10Designation: 310/84 (92)Standard Test Methods forCone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarterand One-Half Scale Cone Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1403; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1
3、. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuringthe consistency of small samples of lubricating greases bypenetration of a14-scale cone or a12-scale cone. These testmethods include procedures for the measurement of unworkedand worked penetrations.1.2 Unworked penetrations do not gen
4、erally represent theconsistency of greases in use as effectively as do workedpenetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspectinglubricating greases.1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only. In theUnited States, t
5、he equipment dimensions stated in inches are tobe regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determin
6、e the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGreaseD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and Lubricants2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP 50 Method of Testing for Cone
7、Penetration of Lubricat-ing Grease3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 consistency, nof lubricating grease, the degree ofresistance to movement under stress.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term consistency is used some-what synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistencyrefers to the worked penetration o
8、f a grease. D2173.1.2 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.D41753.1.3 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-
9、phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredientsimparting special properties are often included. D2173.1.4 penetrometer, nan instrument that measures theconsistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials bymeasuring the depth
10、to which a specified cone or needle undera given force falls into the material.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn these test methods, either a one-quarter scale cone (A1.1) or a one-half scale cone (A1.3) canbe used to determine the consistency of lubricating greases.The penetration forces are determined by the r
11、espective massesof the cones and shafts.3.1.5 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such asvarious metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as
12、 certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, only1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.G0.02 on Consistency and Related Rheological Tests.In the IP, this test m
13、ethod is under the jurisdiction of the StandardizationCommittee. This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committee andaccepted by the cooperating societies in accordance with established procedures.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 1956. La
14、st previous edition approved in 2007 as D140302(2007).DOI: 10.1520/D1403-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
15、e ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United State
16、s.very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The generalrequirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable,gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant. D2173.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 penetrat
17、ion, nof lubricating grease, the depth inunits of 0.1 mm that a14-scale cone or12-scale cone penetratesthe sample when released to fall under its own weight for 5 s.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe term penetration used in these testmethods is similar to that found in Test Methods D217. Due tothe differences i
18、n scale, the terms are not synonymous andshould not be confused.3.2.2 penetrometer, nan instrument similar to that shownin Fig. 1 of Test Methods D217, designed to measure the depthto which the14-scale or the12-scale cone falls into grease.3.2.3 unworked penetration, nthe penetration at 25C(77F) of
19、a sample of lubricating grease that has received onlyminimum disturbance in transfer to a14-scale or12-scalegrease worker cup or dimensionally equivalent rigid container.3.2.4 worked penetration, nthe penetration of a sample oflubricating grease that has been brought to 25C (77F),subjected to 60 dou
20、ble strokes in a14-scale or12-scale greaseworker, and penetrated without delay.3.2.5 working, vthe subjection of a lubricating grease tothe shearing action of the14-scale or12-scale grease worker.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The penetration is determined at 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F)by releasing the14-scal
21、e or12-scale cone assembly from thepenetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into thegrease for 5 6 0.1 s.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods are applicable to greases of NationalLubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) consistency numbers 0 to4 and is intended for use only where the si
22、ze of the sampleprevents the use of Test Methods D217.5.2 Actual reduced-scale penetration values are not used orreported. They are converted to full-scale penetration values(see Sections 9 and 10). This test method is not intended toreplace the full-scale penetration as described in Test MethodsD21
23、7. Precision is better in the full-scale penetration method.5.3 Worked penetration results, after conversion to full-scale values, may be used to establish the consistency oflubricating greases within the above NLGI consistency num-bers. The results obtained from these test methods are widelyused fo
24、r specification purposes, however, no correlation withfield performance has been established.5.4 Unworked penetration results provide a means of evalu-ating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.6. Apparatus6.1 PenetrometerAn instrument similar to that shown inFig. 1 of Test Methods
25、 D217, adapted for use with the14-scaleor12-scale cone.NOTE 1Any slight binding in the instrument may produce a signifi-cant error in penetration values. Periodic check of the release mechanism,cone dimensions, and weights of cone and its movable attachments isrecommended.6.214 -Scale Cone and Shaft
26、, as specified in A1.1.6.314 -Scale Grease Worker, as specified in A1.2.6.412 -Scale Cone and Shaft, as specified in A1.3.6.512 -Scale Grease Worker, as specified in A1.4.6.6 Temperature Bath, capable of controlling the bath tem-perature at 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and designed to bring theassembled grea
27、se worker to test temperature conveniently.Examples of suitable temperature baths include a water bath,air bath, constant temperature test room, or a temperature-controlled metal block. If a water bath is to be used for samplesfor unworked penetration, means should be provided forprotecting the grea
28、se surface from water and for maintainingthe air above the sample at test temperature. An air bath ispreferred for bringing block greases to test temperature, but atightly sealed container placed in a water bath will suffice.6.7 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade ap-proximately 13 mm
29、 (0.5 in.) wide and convenient in length.7. Procedure for Unworked Penetration7.1 SampleSufficient sample to overfill the cup of thegrease worker is required. Three measurements can be ob-tained from one filling of the grease cup, by replacement ofgrease lost to the cone and repairing of the grease
30、surface.7.2 Preparing Sample for MeasurementPlace the emptygrease worker cup and an appropriate amount of the sample ina container in the temperature bath maintained at 25 6 0.5C(77 6 1F) for sufficient time to bring the temperature of thesample and the worker cup to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F). Transferthe
31、 sample, preferably in one lump, to overfill the cup of thegrease worker. Make this transfer in such a manner that thegrease will be worked as little as possible. Jar the cup to driveout trapped air and pack the grease with the spatula, with aslittle manipulation as possible to fill the cup without
32、airpockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending above the rim,creating a flat surface, by moving the blade of the spatula, heldinclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of approxi-mately 45, across the rim of the cup, retaining the portionremoved. Do not perform any further leveling or
33、smoothing ofthe surface throughout the determination of unworked penetra-tion and determine the measurement immediately.NOTE 2The jarring should be as vigorous as required to remove theentrapped air without splashing the specimen from the cup. In performingthese operations, a minimum of manipulation
34、 should be used, as anyagitation of the grease can have the effect of applying some working effecton the unworked grease and affecting the result.NOTE 3Retain the grease removed from the cup in scraping forsubsequent tests. Keep the outside of the rim of the cup clean so that thegrease forced by the
35、 penetrometer cone to overflow the cup can bereturned to the cup prior to preparing the specimen for the next test.7.3 Cleaning Cone and ShaftClean the penetrometer conecarefully before each test. Bending of the cone shaft can beavoided by holding it securely in its raised position whilecleaning. Do
36、 not permit grease or oil on the penetrometer shaft,as they can cause drag on the shaft assembly. Do not rotate thecone, as this can cause wear on the release mechanism.7.4 Penetration MeasurementPlace the cup on the pen-etrometer table, making certain that it cannot teeter. Set themechanism to hold
37、 the cone in the zero position of the indicatordial, and adjust the apparatus carefully so that the tip of theD1403 102cone just touches the surface at the center of the test sample.Watching the shadow of the cone tip is an aid to accuratesetting. Release the cone shaft rapidly, and allow it to drop
38、 for5.0 6 0.1 s. The release mechanism should not drag on theshaft. Gently depress the indicator shaft until stopped by thecone shaft and read the penetration to the nearest full unit (0.1mm) from the indicator.NOTE 4If the indicator shaft is depressed with force, the penetrationmeasurement may vary
39、 considerably.7.5 Additional TestingMake a total of three tests on thespecimen, positioning the cone in the center of the specimeneach time. Between each measurement, replace the greaseadhering to the cone with some of the portion removed andsaved earlier (7.2). The cup will need to be jarred to rem
40、oveany trapped air and the surface will need to be leveled, asdescribed in 7.2. The cone also needs to be cleaned betweenmeasurements, as described in 7.3. Report the average value ofthe three measurements, to the nearest 0.1 mm, as the14-scaleor12-scale unworked penetration of the sample.8. Procedu
41、re for Worked Penetration8.1 SampleSufficient sample to overfill the cup of theappropriate grease worker is required.8.2 WorkingTransfer sufficient specimen to the cup of theclean grease worker to fill it heaping full, mounded up about 7mm (0.25 in.) at the center, avoiding the inclusion of air bypa
42、cking with the spatula. Jar the cup from time to time as it isbeing packed to remove any air inadvertently entrapped.Assemble the worker and, with the vent cock open, depress theplunger to the bottom. Close the vent cock and place theassembled worker in the temperature bath maintained at 25 60.5C (7
43、7 6 1F) until the temperature of the worker andcontents are at 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F). Then remove theworker from the bath and wipe off any water adhering to itssurfaces. Subject the grease to 60 full double strokes of theplunger, completed in 1 min 6 5 s, and return the plunger to itstop position. Ope
44、n the vent cock, remove the top and plunger,and return to the cup as much of the grease clinging to theplunger as can readily be removed. As the worked penetrationof a lubricating grease can change significantly on standing,proceed in accordance with 8.3 and 8.4, immediately.NOTE 5If a water bath is
45、 used and if it is desired to immerse theportion of the worker above its closure, take care that the lid is watertightin order to prevent the entrance of water to the worker.8.3 Preparing Sample for MeasurementPrepare theworked specimen in the cup for testing so that a uniform andreproducible struct
46、ure of the grease will be obtained. Jar thecup sharply on the bench or floor and pack the grease downwith a spatula to fill the holes left by the plunger and to removeany air pockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending abovethe rim of the cup, creating a flat surface, by moving the bladeof the s
47、patula, held inclined toward the direction of motion atan angle of approximately 45, across the rim of the cupretaining the portion removed.NOTE 6The jarring should be as vigorous as required to remove theentrapped air without splashing the specimen from the cup. In performingthese operations, a min
48、imum of manipulation should be used, as anyagitation of the grease can have the effect of increasing the workingbeyond the specified 60 strokes.NOTE 7Retain the grease removed from the cup in scraping forsubsequent tests. Keep the outside of the rim of the cup clean so that thegrease forced by the p
49、enetrometer cone to overflow the cup can bereturned to the cup prior to preparing the specimen for the next test.8.4 Penetration MeasurementDetermine the penetrationof the specimen three times, as described in 7.3, 7.4, and 7.5.Report the average of the three tests, to the nearest 0.1 mm, asthe14-scale or12-scale worked penetration of the sample.9. Calculation9.1 The penetration values obtained from the14-scale and12-scale cone equipment in 7.5 shall be converted to full-scalepenetrations (Test Methods D217
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