ASTM D1452-2007a Standard Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings《用螺旋钻孔法对土壤调查和取样的标准实施规程》.pdf

1、Designation: D 1452 07aStandard Practice forSoil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n

2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers equipment and procedures for the

3、use of earth augers in shallow geotechnical exploration. Thispractice does not apply to sectional continuous flight augers.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI values given in parentheses areprovided for informational purposes only.1.3 This standard doe

4、s not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This practice offers a set of in

5、structions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace

6、 the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM concen

7、sus process.2. Significance and Use2.1 Auger borings often provide the simplest method of soilinvestigation and sampling. They may be used for any purposewhere disturbed samples can be used and are valuable inconnection with ground water level determination and indica-tion of changes in strata and a

8、dvancement of hole for spoonand tube sampling. Equipment required is simple and readilyavailable. Depths of auger investigations are, however, limitedby ground water conditions, soil characteristics, and theequipment used.3. Apparatus3.1 Hand-Operated Augers:3.1.1 Helical AugersSmall lightweight aug

9、ers generallyavailable in sizes from 1 through 3 in. (25.4 through 76.2 mm).3.1.1.1 Spiral-Type Auger, consisting of a flat thin metalstrip, machine twisted to a spiral configuration of uniformpitch; having at one end, a sharpened or hardened point, witha means of attaching a shaft or extension at t

10、he opposite end.3.1.1.2 Ship-Type AugerSimilar to a carpenters wood bit.It is generally forged from steel and machined to the desiredsize and configuration. It is normally provided with sharpenedand hardened nibs at the point end and with an integral shaftextending through its length for attachment

11、of a handle orextension at the opposite end.3.1.2 Open Tubular Augers, ranging in size from 1.5through 8 in. (38.1 through 203.2 mm) and having the commoncharacteristic of appearing essentially tubular when viewedfrom the digging end.3.1.2.1 Orchard-Barrel Type, consisting essentially of a tubehavin

12、g cutting lips or nibs hardened and sharpened to penetratethe formation on one end and an adaptor fitting for an extensionor handle on the opposite end.3.1.2.2 Open-Spiral Type, consisting of a flat thin metal stripthat has been helically wound around a circular mandrel toform a spiral in which the

13、flat faces of the strip are parallel tothe axis of the augered hole. The lower helix edges arehard-faced to improve wear characteristics. The opposite end isfitted with an adaptor for extension.3.1.2.3 Closed-Spiral TypeNearly identical to the open-spiral type except the pitch of the helically wound

14、 spiral ismuch less than that of the open-spiral type.3.1.3 Post-Hole Augers, generally 2 through 8 in. (50.8through 203.2 mm), and having in common a means ofblocking the escape of soil from the auger.3.1.3.1 Clam-Shell Type, consisting of two halves, hinged toallow opening and closing for alternat

15、ely digging and retriev-ing. It is not usable deeper than about 3.5 ft (1.07 m).3.1.3.2 Iwan Type, consisting of two tubular steel segments,connected at the top to a common member to form a nearlycomplete tube, but with diametrically opposed openings. It isconnected at the bottom by two radial blade

16、s pitched to serveas cutters which also block the escape of contained soil.Attachment of handle or extension is at the top connector.3.2 Machine-Operated Augers:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on S

17、ampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 1452 07.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 B

18、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1 Helical Augers, generally 8 through 48 in. (203.2through 1219 mm), consisting essentially of a center shaftfitted with a shank or socket for application of power, andhaving one to three complete 360 (6.28-rad) spira

19、ls forconveyance and storage of cut soil. Cutter bits and pilot bits areavailable in moderate and hard formation types and normallyreplaceable in the field. They are normally operated byheavy-duty, high-torque machines, designed for heavy con-struction work.3.2.2 Stinger Augers, generally 6 through

20、30 in. (152.4through 762 mm), are similar to the helical auger in 3.2.1, butlighter and generally smaller. They are commonly operated bylight-duty machines for post and power pole holes.3.2.3 Disk Augers, generally 10 through 30 in. (254 through762 mm), consisting essentially of a flat, steel disk w

21、ithdiametrically opposed segments removed and having a shankor socket located centrally for application of power. Replace-able cutter bits, located downward from the leading edges ofthe remaining disk, dig and load soil that is held on the disk byvalves or shutters hinged at the disk in order to clo

22、se theremoved segments. The disk auger is specifically designed tobe operated by machines having limited vertical clearancebetween spindle and ground surface.3.2.4 Bucket Auger, generally 12 through 48 in. (304.8through 1219 mm), consisting essentially of a disk auger,without shank or socket, but hi

23、nge-mounted to the bottom of asteel tube or bucket of approximately the same diameter as thedisk auger. A socket or shank for power application is locatedin the top center of the bucket diametral cross piece providedfor the purpose.3.3 Casing (when needed), consisting of pipe of slightlylarger diame

24、ter than the auger used.3.4 Accessory EquipmentLabels, field log sheets, samplejars, sealing wax, sample bags, and other necessary tools andsupplies.4. Procedure4.1 Make the auger boring by rotating and advancing thedesired distance into the soil. Withdraw the auger from the holeand remove the soil

25、for examination and test. Return the emptyauger to the hole and repeat the procedure. Continue thesequence until the required depth is reached.4.2 Casing is required in unstable soil in which the bore holefails to stay open and especially when the boring is extendedbelow the ground-water level. The

26、inside diameter of thecasing must be slightly larger than the diameter of the augerused. The casing shall be driven to a depth not greater than thetop of the next sample and shall be cleaned out by means of theauger. The auger can then be inserted into the bore hole andturned below the bottom of the

27、 casing to obtain a sample.4.3 The soil auger can be used both for boring the hole andfor bringing up disturbed samples of the soil encountered. Thestructure of a cohesive soil is completely destroyed and themoisture may be changed by the auger. Seal all samples in a jaror other airtight container a

28、nd label appropriately. If more thanone type of soil is picked up in the sample, prepare a separatecontainer for each type of soil.4.4 MonitoringIt is advisable to monitor ground waterlevels, if present, in the drill hole during and after drilling.Ground water elevation should be measured and docume

29、ntedduring drilling. If ground water is not encountered or if thelevel is of doubtful reliability, such information should also bedocumented.5. Data Sheet/Form5.1 The data obtained in boring shall be recorded in the fieldlogs and shall include the following:5.1.1 Date of start and completion of bori

30、ng,5.1.2 Identifying number of boring,5.1.3 Reference datum including direction and distance ofboring relative to reference line of project or other suitablereference points,5.1.4 Type and size of auger used in boring,5.1.5 Depth of changes in strata,5.1.6 Description of soil in each major stratum,5

31、.1.7 Ground water elevation and location of seepage zones,when found, and5.1.8 Condition of augered hole upon removal of auger, thatis, whether the hole remains open or the sides cave, when suchcan be observed.6. Keywords6.1 auger borings; sampling; soil investigationsAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Informati

32、on)X1. EXAMPLE DATA SHEETX1.1 Fig. X1.1 provides an example data sheet.D 1452 07a2D 1452 07a3SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D 1452 07) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Sept. 1, 2007.)(1) Wording

33、 in Section 4.4 changed.Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D 1452 80 (2000) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 15, 2007.)(1) Added Section 1.2 caveat of units.(2) Corrected heading of section 5.(3) Added Appendix

34、and Data Sheet.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of s

35、uch rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for add

36、itional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to t

37、he ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 1452 07a4