1、Designation: D 1452 09Standard Practice forSoil Exploration and Sampling by Auger Borings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers equipment and procedures for theuse
3、of earth augers in shallow depth geotechnical exploration.This practice does not apply to hollow-stem augers. Uses ofhollow-stem auger drilling methods for geotechnical explora-tion are addressed in Test Method D 6151.1.2 This practice does not include considerations for geoen-vironmental site chara
4、cteristics and installation of monitoringwells which are discussed in Guide D 5784.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.
5、4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026 unless superseded by this method.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
6、the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience an
7、d should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this docume
8、nt be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFl
9、uidsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-
10、tions of Soil and RockD 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)D 5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoen-vironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 6026 Practice for Using
11、Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil Sampling3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For common definitions of terms in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D 653.4. Significance and Use4.1 Auger borings often provide the si
12、mplest method of soilexploration and sampling. They may be used for any purposewhere disturbed samples can be used and are valuable inconnection with ground water level determination and indica-tion of changes in strata and advancement of hole for split-barrel penetration tests and sampling (Test Me
13、thod D 1586)and thin-walled tube sampling (Practice D 1587). Equipmentrequired is simple and readily available. Depths of auger1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing f
14、or Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 1452 07a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
15、 of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.explorations are,
16、 however, limited by ground water conditions,soil characteristics, and the equipment used.5. Apparatus5.1 Hand-Operated Augers:5.1.1 Helical Augers,(Fig. 1(a) small lightweight augersgenerally available in sizes from 1 through 3 in. (25.4 through76.2 mm).5.1.1.1 Spiral-Type Auger, consisting of a fl
17、at thin metalstrip, machine twisted to a spiral configuration of uniformpitch; having at one end, a sharpened or hardened point, witha means of attaching a shaft or extension at the opposite end.5.1.1.2 Ship-Type AugerSimilar to a carpenters wood bit.It is generally forged from steel and machined to
18、 the desiredsize and configuration. It is normally provided with sharpenedand hardened nibs at the point end and with an integral shaftextending through its length for attachment of a handle orextension at the opposite end.5.1.2 Open Tubular Augers,(Fig. 1(b) ranging in size from1.5 through 8 in. (3
19、8.1 through 203.2 mm) and having thecommon characteristic of appearing essentially tubular whenviewed from the digging end.5.1.2.1 Orchard-Barrel Type,(Fig. 1(c) consisting essen-tially of a tube having cutting lips or nibs hardened andsharpened to penetrate the formation on one end and an adaptorfi
20、tting for an extension or handle on the opposite end.5.1.2.2 Open-Spiral Type, consisting of a flat thin metal stripthat has been helically wound around a circular mandrel toform a spiral in which the flat faces of the strip are parallel tothe axis of the augered hole. The lower helix edges arehard-
21、faced to improve wear characteristics. The opposite end isfitted with an adaptor for extension.5.1.2.3 Closed-Spiral TypeNearly identical to the open-spiral type except the pitch of the helically wound spiral ismuch less than that of the open-spiral type.5.1.3 Post-Hole Augers, generally 2 through 8
22、 in. (50.8through 203.2 mm), and having in common a means ofblocking the escape of soil from the auger.5.1.3.1 Clam-Shell Type,(Fig. 2(a) consisting of twohalves, hinged to allow opening and closing for alternatelydigging and retrieving. It is not usable deeper than about 3.5 ft(1.07 m).5.1.3.2 Iwan
23、 Type,(Fig. 2(b) consisting of two tubular steelsegments, connected at the top to a common member to forma nearly complete tube, but with diametrically opposed open-ings. It is connected at the bottom by two radial blades pitchedto serve as cutters which also block the escape of containedsoil. Attac
24、hment of handle or extension is at the top connector.5.2 Machine-Operated Augers:5.2.1 Helical Augers,(Fig. 3(a) generally 4 through 48 in.(101.6 through 1219 mm), consisting essentially of a centershaft fitted with a shank or socket for application of power, andhaving one to six complete 360 (6.28-
25、rad) spirals for convey-ance and storage of cut soil. Cutter bits and pilot bits areavailable in moderate and hard formation types and normallyreplaceable in the field. They are normally operated byheavy-duty, high-torque machines, designed for heavy con-struction work.5.2.2 Stinger Augers, generall
26、y 3 through 30 in. (76.2through 762 mm), are similar to the helical auger in 5.2.1, butlighter and generally smaller. They are commonly operated bylight-duty machines for post and power pole holes.5.2.3 Disk Augers,(Fig. 3(b) generally 10 through 30 in.(254 through 762 mm), consisting essentially of
27、 a flat, steeldisk with diametrically opposed segments removed and havinga shank or socket located centrally for application of power.Replaceable cutter bits, located downward from the leadingedges of the remaining disk, dig and load soil that is held on thedisk by valves or shutters hinged at the d
28、isk in order to closethe removed segments. The disk auger is specifically designedto be operated by machines having limited vertical clearancebetween spindle and ground surface.5.2.4 Bucket Auger,(Fig. 3(c) generally 12 through 48 in.(304.8 through 1219 mm), consisting essentially of a diskauger, wi
29、thout shank or socket, but hinge-mounted to thebottom of a steel tube or bucket of approximately the samediameter as the disk auger. A socket or shank for powerapplication is located in the top center of the bucket diametralcross piece provided for the purpose.5.3 Casing (when needed), consisting of
30、 pipe of slightlylarger diameter than the auger used.5.4 Accessory EquipmentLabels, field log sheets, samplejars, sealing wax, sample bags, and other necessary tools andsupplies.6. Procedure6.1 Make the auger boring by rotating and advancing thedesired distance into the soil. Withdraw the auger from
31、 the holeFIG. 1 Hand AugersD1452092and remove the soil for examination and test. Return the emptyauger to the hole and repeat the procedure. Continue thesequence until the required depth is reached.6.2 Casing is required in unstable soil in which the bore holefails to stay open and especially when t
32、he boring is extendedbelow the ground-water level. The inside diameter of thecasing must be slightly larger than the diameter of the augerused. The casing shall be driven to a depth not greater than thetop of the next sample and shall be cleaned out by means of theauger. The auger can then be insert
33、ed into the bore hole andturned below the bottom of the casing to obtain a sample.6.3 The soil auger can be used both for boring the hole andfor bringing up disturbed samples of the soil encountered. Thestructure of a cohesive soil is completely destroyed and themoisture may be changed by the auger.
34、 Seal all samples in a jaror other airtight container and label appropriately. If more thanone type of soil is picked up in the sample, prepare a separatecontainer for each type of soil.6.4 Monitoring Water LevelIt is advisable to monitorground water levels, if present, in the drill hole during and
35、afterremoval of the drilling equipment. Ground water elevationshould be measured and documented during drilling to includedatum, date and time measured. Method or equipment used todetermine depth of ground water level, such as Test MethodD 4750 should also be noted. If ground water is not encoun-ter
36、ed or if the level is of doubtful reliability, such informationshould also be documented.6.4.1 The user is cautioned that there are many factorswhich can influence borehole water level measurements andthe interpretation of borehole water level measurements. Thesefactors are not described or discusse
37、d in this practice. Theinterpretation and application of borehole water level informa-tion should be done by a trained specialist. Installation ofpiezometers should be considered where complex ground-water conditions prevail.7. Data Sheet/Form7.1 Report information in accordance with Guide D 5434.Th
38、e data obtained in boring shall be recorded on the field logsand shall include the following:7.1.1 Date of start and completion of boring,7.1.2 Identifying number of boring,7.1.3 Reference datum including direction and distance ofboring relative to reference line of project or other suitablereferenc
39、e points,7.1.4 Type and size of auger used in boring,7.1.5 Depth of changes in strata,FIG. 2 Post-Hole AugersFIG. 3 Machine-Operated AugersD14520937.1.6 Description of soil in each major stratum in accor-dance with Practice D 2488,7.1.7 Ground water elevation and location of seepage zones,when found
40、,7.1.8 Datum, date and time of borehole water-level mea-surement and method or equipment used, and7.1.9 Condition of augered hole upon removal of auger, thatis, whether the hole remains open or the sides cave, when suchcan be observed.8. Keywords8.1 auger borings; geotechnical exploration; sampling;
41、 soilexplorationsAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EXAMPLE DATA SHEETX1.1 Fig. X1.1 provides an example data sheet.D1452094D1452095SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D 1452 07a) that may impact the use of this sta
42、ndard. (Approved Feb. 15, 2009.)(1) Added Referenced Documents.(2) Added Figs. 1-3.(3) Other minor revisions throughout.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are express
43、ly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised,
44、either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may att
45、end. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D1452096
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