1、Designation: D1475 98 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Test Method ForDensity of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1475; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the mea
3、surement of density ofpaints, inks, varnishes, lacquers, and components thereof, otherthan pigments, when in fluid form.1.2 For higher precision when working with nonpigmentedmaterials (drying oils, varnishes, resins and related materials),Test Method D1963 can be used to determine specific gravitya
4、nd, thence, density.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly,1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stand
5、ard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precau-tion statement is given in 8.1.1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1963 Test Method for Specific Gravi
6、ty of Drying Oils,Varnishes, Resins, and Related Materials at 25/25C(Withdrawn 2004)3D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterE180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTMMethods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-cialty Che
7、micals (Withdrawn 2009)3E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 density, nthe mass of a unit volume of a material ata specified temperature. In this method, it is expressed as theweight in grams per millilitr
8、e, or as the weight in poundsavoirdupois of one U. S. gallon, of the liquid at the specifiedtemperature; in the absence of other temperature specification,25C is assumed.3.1.2 specific gravity (relative density), nthe ratio of themass of a unit volume of a material at a stated temperature tothe mass
9、 of the same volume of distilled water at the sametemperature.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The accurately known absolute density of distilled waterat various temperatures (Table 1) is used to calibrate thevolume of a container. The weight of the paint liquid contentsof the same container at the stan
10、dard temperature (25C) or atan agreed-upon temperature is then determined and density ofthe contents calculated in terms of grams per millilitre, orpounds per gallon at the specified temperature.5. Significance and Use5.1 Density is weight per unit volume. It is a key property inthe identification,
11、characterization, and quality control of awide range of materials. Density measurements in terms ofweight per gallon are commonly used to check paint quality. Ifthe density is not within specification, there is a good chancethat there was a mischarge or other serious problem.5.2 This test method is
12、suitable for the determination ofdensity of paint and related products and components when inliquid form. It is particularly applicable when the fluid has toohigh a viscosity or when a component is too volatile for adensity balance determination.5.3 This test method provides for the maximum accuracy
13、required for hiding power determinations. It is equally suitablefor work in which less accuracy is required, by ignoring thedirections for recalibration and consideration of temperaturedifferentials, and using as the container a “weight-per-gallon”cup.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of A
14、STM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and Paint Materials.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1957. Last previous edi
15、tion approved in 2008 as D1475 98 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D1475-98R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM web
16、site.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.4 Automatic equipment for measuring density is available(see Test Method D4052) from several ma
17、nufacturers. Suchapparatus has been used for resins and latices as well as for oilsand solvents. Before such equipment is used for a givenproduct, results must be checked very carefully. Particularlywith paints, inks, and resins, there are possibilities ofgumming, fouling, and other interferences wi
18、th operation.6. Interferences6.1 Highly viscous materials may entrap air and giveerroneous low density values.6.2 Paint or ink liquids may be trapped in the ground glassor metal joints of the pieces of apparatus and give erroneous,high density values.7. Apparatus7.1 Cup or PycnometerAny metal weight
19、-per-gallon cupor glass pycnometer may be used, provided that it may be filledreadily with a viscous liquid, adjusted to exact volume, coveredto exclude loss of volatile matter, and readily cleaned.NOTE 1For materials that contain solvents that evaporate rapidly, aglass pycnometer of the weld type,
20、with a narrow stopper and a covershould be used.7.2 Thermometers, graduated in 0.1C, such as are suppliedwith glass pycnometers.7.3 Constant-Temperature Bath, held at 25 6 0.1C isdesirable.7.4 Laboratory Analytical Balance.NOTE 2The usual weight-per-gallon cup and similar specializedpycnometers may
21、have filled weights that exceed the capacity of the usuallaboratory analytical balance. In such cases, use of a hanging pan,triple-beam balance, with scales graduated to 0.01 g has been found toprovide results the mean of which was consistent with the overallprecision and accuracy of the method.7.5
22、Desiccator and Desiccated Balance, or a room ofreasonably constant temperature and humidity are desirable.8. Calibration of Cup or Pycnometer8.1 Determine the volume of the container at the specifiedtemperature by employing the following steps:8.1.1 Clean and dry the container and bring it to consta
23、ntweight. Chromic acid (see 8.1.1.1) or other effective glasscleaner and nonresidual solvents may be used with glasscontainers and solvents with metal containers. For maximumaccuracy, continue rinsing, drying, and weighing until thedifference between two successive weighings does not exceed0.001 % o
24、f the weight of the container. Fingerprints on thecontainer will change the weight and must be avoided. Recordthe weight, M, in grams.8.1.1.1 WarningChromic acid cleaning solution is corro-sive to skin, eyes and mucous membranes and can cause severeburns. Avoid contact with eyes, skin or clothing. I
25、n makingdilute solution, always add acid to water with care. Chromicacid cleaning solution is a strong oxidizer. Avoid contact withorganic or reducing substances as a fire could results. Seesuppliers Material Safety Data Sheet for further information.Other cleaners are much safer and may be equally
26、effective.8.1.2 Fill the container with reagent water conforming toType II of Specification D1193 at a temperature somewhatbelow that specified. Cap the container, leaving the overfloworifice open. Immediately remove excess overflowed water orwater held in depressions by wiping dry with absorbentmat
27、erial. Avoid occluding air bubbles in the container.8.1.3 Bring the container and contents to the specifiedtemperature using the constant-temperature bath or room ifnecessary. This will cause further slight flow of water from theoverflow orifice due to the expansion of the water with the riseof the
28、temperature.8.1.4 Remove the excess overflow by wiping carefully withabsorbent material, avoiding wicking of water out of orifice,and immediately cap the overflow tube where such has beenprovided. Dry the outside of the container, if necessary, bywiping with absorbent material. Do not remove overflo
29、w thatoccurs subsequent to the first wiping after attainment of thedesired temperature (Note 3). Immediately weigh the filledcontainer to the nearest 0.001 % of its weight (Note 4). Recordthis weight, N, in grams.NOTE 3Handling the container with bare hands will increase thetemperature and cause mor
30、e overflow from the overflow orifice, and willalso leave fingerprints; hence, handling only with tongs and with handsprotected by clean, dry, absorbent material is recommended.NOTE 4Immediate and rapid weighing of the filled container isrecommended here to minimize loss of weight due to evaporation
31、of thewater through orifices, and from overflow subsequent to the first wipingafter attainment of temperature where this overflow is not retained by acap.8.1.5 Calculate the container volume as follows:V 5 N 2 M!/ (1)where:V = volume of container, mL,N = weight of container and water, g (8.1.4),M =
32、weight of dry container, g (8.1.1), and = absolute density of water at specified temperature,g/mL (see Table 1).8.1.6 Obtain the mean of at least three determinations.TABLE 1 Absolute Density of Water, g/mLC Density15 0.99912716 0.99897117 0.99877218 0.99862319 0.99843320 0.99823121 0.99802022 0.997
33、79823 0.99756624 0.99732425 0.99707226 0.99681127 0.99654028 0.99626029 0.99597230 0.995684D1475 98 (2012)29. Procedure9.1 Repeat the steps in Section 8, substituting the sample forthe reagent water and a suitable nonresidual solvent for theacetone or alcohol (see Note 5). Record the weight of the f
34、illedcontainer, W, and the weight of the empty container, w,ingrams.NOTE 5Trapping of paint or ink liquids in ground glass or metal jointsis likely to result in high values of density that appear to increase with theviscosity and density of the material; such errors should be minimized byfirm seatin
35、g of the joints.NOTE 6Trapping of air bubbles results in low values for density. Thetendency to trap air increases with increasing viscosity. Specimens shouldnot be tested if they contain bubbles or foam. Slow stirring, standing, orthe application of a vacuum may remove bubbles. If these do not work
36、, adilution may be necessary (see Appendix X1).9.2 Calculate the density in grams per millilitre as follows:Dm5 W 2 w!/V (2)where:Dm= density, g/mL.9.3 Calculate the density in pounds per gallon as follows:D 5 W 2 w!K/V (3)where:D = density, lb/gal,K = 8.3454 (Note 7), andV = volume of container, mL
37、 (see 8.1.6).NOTE 7The factor K, 8.3454, is calculated from volume-weightrelationship as follows:8.345404 = (2.54)3A (231.00)B/(453.59237)CA(2.54)3is the conversion factor for millilitres to cubic inches.B231.00 is the conversion factor for cubic inches to gallons.C453.59237 is the conversion factor
38、 for grams to pounds.10. Report10.1 In reporting the density, state the test temperature to thenearest 0.1C, the units, and the value calculated to three places(for example, D = x.xxx lb/gal at 25C); state the mean, therange, and the number of replicate determinations.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Pain
39、tsThe precision estimates are based on an inter-laboratory study in which one operator in each of six differentlaboratories analyzed in duplicate on two different days fivesamples of paint ranging in density from 8.5 to 12.5 lb/gal. Theresults were analyzed statistically in accordance with PracticeE
40、180. The within-laboratory coefficient of variation was foundto be 0.20 % relative with 25 df and the between-laboratorycoefficient of variation was 0.61 % relative with 20 df. Basedon these coefficients, the following criteria should be used forjudging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confi
41、dencelevel:11.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo results, each the mean of dupli-cate determinations, obtained by the same operator on differentdays should be considered suspect if they differ by more than0.6 % relative.11.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo results, each the mean of du-plicate determinations, obtained by ope
42、rators in different labo-ratories should be considered suspect if they differ by morethan 1.8 % relative.11.2 InksA separate interlaboratory study of this testmethod was carried out for inks. In this study, one operator ineach of seven laboratories made three determinations on fourdifferent paste in
43、k samples. Paste inks were chosen becausetheir viscosities are high and they would be expected to providea difficult test for the method. The inks represented a densityrange of 8.4 to 8.9 lb/gal and exhibited viscosities ranging froma very soft news black to a relatively heavy sheet-fed offset ink.T
44、he results were analyzed statistically in accordance withPractice E691. The within-laboratory standard deviation was0.030 lb/gal and the pooled laboratory standard deviation was0.045 lb/gal. Based on these values, the following criteriashould be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95
45、 % confidence level:11.2.1 RepeatabilityTwo results obtained by the sameoperator should be considered suspect if they differ by morethan 0.084 lb/gal (1 %).11.2.2 ReproducibilityTwo results obtained by operatorsin different laboratories should be considered suspect if theydiffer by more than 0.125 l
46、b/gal (1.5 %).11.3 Bias (Paint and Inks)Since there is no acceptedreference material, bias cannot be determined.12. Keywords12.1 density; pycnometer; weight per gallon; weight pergallon cupD1475 98 (2012)3APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. DILUTING OF A MATERIAL TO IMPROVE AIR RELEASEX1.1 To re
47、duce viscosity and improve air release, a knownweight of a material that traps air may be diluted with a knownweight of a solvent or another diluent of known density. Aftercareful blending to achieve homogeneity and release air, thedensity of the diluted material is measured by the techniquedescribe
48、d in this test method. The following equation may beused to calculate the density of the original material:Do5WoWo1WdDd12WdDd2(X1.1)where:Do= density of original material,Dd1= density diluted measured in test,Dd2= density diluent,Wo= original weight, andWd= diluent weight.X2. CENTRIFUGING OF MATERIA
49、L TO REMOVE EXCESS AIRX2.1 To reduce the variation in the density method, air isremoved from the specimen by centrifuging the material,resulting in greater homogeneity between replicates. Thisgreatly improves reproducibility and repeatability and resultsin slightly higher density readings.X2.2 ApparatusX2.2.1 Centrifuge, capable of a maximum of 4000 r/min4,X2.2.2 Standard Density Cup,X2.2.3 Thermometer.X2.3 ProcedureX2.3.1 Fill the centrifuge tube to the top (approximately150 % of the density cup volume), adjust to the recommendedtemperature of 2
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