1、Designation: D 1499 05Standard Practice forFiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1499; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test condi-tions that are applicable for exposure of plastics in filteredopen-flame ca
3、rbon-arc devices conducted in accordance withPractices G 151 and G 152. This practice also covers thepreparation of test specimens, the test condition suited forplastics, and the evaluation of test results.1.2 This practice does not cover enclosed carbon-arc expo-sures of plastics, which had been al
4、lowed in Practice D 1499.Enclosed carbon-arc exposures of plastics are described inPractice D 6360, and in G 153, which gives requirements forexposing nonmetallic materials in enclosed carbon-arc devices.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
5、 its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1This practice is technically equivalent to ISO 4892-4.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3980 P
6、ractice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint andRelated MaterialsD 5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Indexof PlasticsD 6360 Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposures ofPlasticsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodG113 Termin
7、ology Relating to Natural and ArtificialWeathering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 141 Guide forAddressing Variability in Exposure Testingon Nonmetallic MaterialsG 147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonme-tallic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG 151 Practice for Expos
8、ing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-celerated Test Devices That Use Laboratory Light SourcesG 152 Practice for Operating Open-Flame Carbon-ArcLight Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon-Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 169 Gu
9、ide forApplication of Basic Statistical Methods toWeathering Tests2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 4892-4 PlasticsMethods of Exposure to LaboratoryLight SourcesPart 4, Open-Flame Carbon Arc Lamp3. Terminology3.1 The definitions in Terminology G113are applicable tothis practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 The ab
10、ility of a plastic material to resist deterioration ofits electrical, mechanical, and optical properties caused byexposure to light, heat, and water can be very significant formany applications. This practice is intended to induce propertychanges associated with end-use conditions, including theeffe
11、cts of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used inthis practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration causedby localized weather phenomena, such as, atmospheric pollu-tion, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. (WarningVariation in results may be expected when operating condition
12、sare varied within the accepted limits of this practice. Therefore,no reference to the use of this practice shall be made unlessaccompanied by a report prepared in accordance with Section9 that describes the specific operating conditions used. Refer toPractice G 151 for detailed information on the c
13、aveats appli-cable to use of results obtained in accordance with thispractice.)NOTE 2Additional information on sources of variability and onstrategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and dataanalysis of laboratory-accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G 141.4.2 Reproducib
14、ility of test results between laboratories hasbeen shown to be good when the stability of materials is1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.50 on Permanence Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Publi
15、shed July 2005. Originally approvedin 1950. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 1499 - 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docu
16、ment Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
17、9428-2959, United States.evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to othermaterials or to a control.4,5Therefore, exposure of a similarmaterial of known performance (a control) at the same time asthe test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommendedthat at least three replicates of
18、 each material be exposed toallow for statistical evaluation of results.4.3 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken tooperate the equipment in accordance with Practice G 152.Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedomfrom salt or other deposits from water, temperatur
19、e andhumidity control, and conditions of the electrodes.5. Apparatus5.1 Use filtered open-flame carbon-arc apparatus that con-forms to the requirements defined in Practices G 151 andG 152.5.2 Unless otherwise specified, the spectral power distribu-tion of the filtered open-flame carbon-arc shall con
20、form to therequirements in Practice G 152 for carbon-arc with daylightfilters.6. Test Specimen6.1 The size and shape of specimens to be exposed will bedetermined by the specifications of the particular test methodused to evaluate the effects of the exposure on the specimens;the test method shall be
21、determined by the parties concerned.Where practical, it is recommended that specimens be sized tofit specimen holders and racks supplied with the exposureapparatus. Unless supplied with a specific backing as anintegral part of the test, specimens shall be mounted so thatonly the minimum specimen are
22、a required for support by theholder shall be covered. This unexposed surface must not beused as part of the test area. When necessary, to providerigidity, flexible specimens should be attached to, or backed by,a panel made of aluminum, 0.025-in 0.64-mm thick.6.2 Unless otherwise specified, expose at
23、 least three repli-cate specimens of each test and control material.6.3 Retain a supply of unexposed file specimens of allmaterial evaluated.6.3.1 When destructive tests are run, ensure that sufficientfile specimens are retained so that the property of interest canbe determined on unexposed file spe
24、cimens each time exposedmaterials are evaluated.6.4 Specimens should not be removed from the exposureapparatus for more than 24 h and then returned for additionaltests, since this does not produce the same results on allmaterials as tests run without this type of interruption. Whenspecimens are remo
25、ved from the exposure apparatus for 24 h ormore and then returned for additional exposure, report theelapsed time in accordance with Section 9.NOTE 3Since the stability of the file specimen may also be time-dependent, users are cautioned that over prolonged exposure periods, orwhere small difference
26、s in the order of acceptable limits are anticipated,comparison of exposed specimens with the file specimen may not be valid.Instrumental measurements are recommended whenever possible.6.5 Follow the procedures described in Practice G 147 foridentification and conditioning and handling of test specim
27、ens,and reference materials prior to, during, and after exposure.6.6 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose ofshowing on one panel the effects of various exposure times.Misleading results may be obtained by this method, since themasked portion of the specimen is still exposed to temperat
28、ureand humidity cycles that in many cases will affect results.6.7 Since the thickness of a specimen may markedly affectthe results, thickness of test and control specimens shall bewithin 610 % of the nominal dimensions.NOTE 4This is especially important when mechanical properties arebeing investigat
29、ed.6.8 Incident energy at the extremes of the specimen expo-sure area in older equipment may be only 60 to 70 % of that atthe center. If the irradiance at any position within the exposurearea is less than 90 % of the peak irradiance, follow one of theprocedures outlined in Practice G 152 to ensure e
30、ither equalradiant exposure or compensation for differences in radiantexposure.7. Procedure7.1 It is recommended that a control material be exposedsimultaneously with experimental materials for determinationof relative performance, if performance comparisons are notbeing made between the test materi
31、als themselves. All con-cerned parties must agree on the control material used.7.1.1 Identification of any control specimen used shallaccompany the report.7.2 Mount the test specimens in the specimen exposure areawith the test surfaces facing the lamp. When the test specimensdo not completely fill t
32、he exposure area, fill the empty spaceswith blank metal panels to maintain the test conditions withinthe chamber.7.3 Confine specimens to an exposure area where theirradiance is at least 90 % of that measured at the center of theexposure area. In areas where the irradiance is between 70 and90 % of m
33、aximum irradiance, follow one of the proceduresoutlined in Practice G 152 to ensure either equal radiantexposure or compensation for differences in radiant exposure.Determine irradiance uniformity in accordance with PracticeG 151.7.4 Practice G 152 lists several exposure cycles that areused for filt
34、ered open-flame carbon-arc exposures of nonme-tallic materials. Obtain mutual agreement between all con-cerned parties for the specific exposure cycle used. Additionalintervals and methods of wetting, by spray, condensation, orimmersion, or a combination of these, may be substituted uponmutual agree
35、ment between the concerned parties.NOTE 5Spray, condensation, and immersion are different types ofmoisture exposures and frequently produce different results.7.4.1 By historical convention, the following exposure cyclehas been commonly used for plastics.4Fischer, R., “Results of Round Robin Studies
36、of Light- and Water-ExposureStandard Practices,” Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of OrganicMaterials, ASTM STP 1202, Warren D. Ketola and Douglas Grossman, eds.,American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1993.5Ketola, W., and Fischer, R., “Characterization and Use of Refere
37、nce Materialsin Accelerated Durability Tests,” VAMAS Technical Report No. 30, available fromNIST, Gaithersburg, MD.D1499052NOTE 6Unless otherwise specified, operate the apparatus to maintainthe specified operational fluctuations for the parameters below. If theactual operating conditions do not agre
38、e with the machine settings afterthe equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test and correct the cause ofthe disagreement before continuing.NOTE 7Set points and operational fluctuations could either be listedindependently of each other, or they could be listed in the format: Set point6 operationa
39、l fluctuations. The set point is the target condition for thesensor used at the operational control point as programmed by the user.Operational fluctuations are deviations from the indicated set point at thecontrol point indicated by the readout of the calibrated control sensorduring equilibrium ope
40、ration and do not include measurement uncertainty.At the operational control point, the operational fluctuation can exceed nomore than the listed value at equilibrium. Therefore, when a standard callsfor a particular set point, the user programs that exact number. Theoperational fluctuations specifi
41、ed with the set point do not imply that theuser is allowed to program a set point higher or lower than the exact setpoint specified.7.4.1.1 Continuous light with equilibrium uninsulated blackpanel temperature controlled to 63 6 3C 145 6 9F,consisting of the following alternating intervals:7.4.1.2 10
42、2 minutes light only followed by 18 minutes oflight with water sprayed on the test specimens.7.4.1.3 Unless otherwise specified in devices which allowfor control of relative humidity, control the relative humidity ata506 5 % equilibrium during the light-only interval.7.4.1.4 Unless otherwise specifi
43、ed, in devices which allowfor control of air chamber temperature, control the chambertemperature at 44 6 2C 111 6 4F.NOTE 8The equilibrium black panel temperature is obtained withouta spray period. For light intervals less than 30 min, the maximum blackpanel temperature may not reach equilibrium.NOT
44、E 9The test cycle described in 7.4.1 is also referred to as the“102-18 cycle” and may not adequately simulate the effects of outdoorexposure.7.5 Water Purity:7.5.1 The purity of water used for specimen spray is veryimportant. Without proper treatment to remove cations, anions,organics, and particula
45、rly silica, exposed panels will developspots or stains that may not occur in exterior exposures.7.5.2 Follow the requirements for water purity described inPractice G 151.7.5.3 If specimens are found to have deposits or stains afterexposure in the apparatus, the water purity must be checked todetermi
46、ne if it meets the requirements of 7.5.2. On someoccasions, exposed specimens can be contaminated by depositsfrom bacteria that can grow in the purified water used forspecimen spray. If bacterial contamination is detected, theentire system used for specimen water spray must be flushedwith chlorine a
47、nd thoroughly rinsed prior to resuming expo-sures.7.5.4 The typical temperature of water used for specimenspray is 21 6 5C 70 6 9F. However, if ambient tempera-ture is low and a holding tank is not used to store purifiedwater, the temperature of water used for specimen spray maybe below the typical
48、range given.7.5.5 When the preceding water purity requirements are metand there is disagreement between parties on the extent ofproblems caused by stain or deposit, run referee tests in at leastone other laboratory that can meet the water quality require-ments described in 7.5.7.6 Some tests for lig
49、htfastness are run without any speci-men wetting. When this type of test is required, omit the periodwhere water is sprayed on specimens.8. Periods of Exposure and Evaluation of Test Results8.1 In most cases, periodic evaluation of test and controlmaterials is necessary to determine the variation in magnitudeand direction of property change as a function of exposure timeor radiant exposure.8.2 The time or radiant exposure necessary to produce adefined change in a material property can be used to evaluateor rank the stability of materials. This method is preferr
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