1、Designation: D1535 13D1535 14Standard Practice forSpecifying Color by the Munsell System1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors
3、 of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system basedon the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfacesviewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual
4、 method as an alternative tothe more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164).Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associa
5、ted with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differe
6、nces of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss TolerancesE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation3. Terminology3.1
7、Terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are applicable to this practice.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 Munsell notation, n(1) the Munsell hue, value, and chroma assigned to the color of a specimen by visually comparingthe specimen to the chips in the Munsell Book of Color;3 (2) a notation in the Munsell co
8、lor system, derived from luminousreflectance factor Y and chromaticity coordinates x and y, in the CIE system for standard illuminant C, by the use of scales definedby the Optical Society of America Subcommittee on the Spacing of the Munsell Colors(1).43.2.1.1 DiscussionThe Munsell notation is writt
9、en as a combination of letters and numbers by which the color of an opaque object may be specifiedwith respect to Munsell hue H, Munsell value V, and Munsell chroma C, written in the form H V/C.3.2.2 hue, nthe attribute of color perception by means of which a color is judged to be red, orange, yello
10、w, green, blue, purple,or intermediate between adjacent pairs of these, considered in a closed ring (red and purple being an adjacent pair).3.2.3 Munsell hue, nan attribute of color used in the Munsell color system to indicate the hue of a specimen viewed indaylight.1 This practice is under the juri
11、sdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.07 on Color OrderSystems.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2014. Published April 2013November 2014. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 asD1535 1
12、2a.13. DOI: 10.1520/D1535-13.10.1520/D1535-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Avai
13、lable from Munsell, 4300 44th Street SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49512, .4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been
14、 made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
15、Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3.1 DiscussionTwo systems of designating Munsell hue are shown in Fig. 1, a letter-number system and an all-number system. The two systemsare equivalent, but the letter-number system
16、 is preferred, because it requires no prior knowledge or memory of the correspondenceof numbers to hues. The hue circle is graduated in steps judged visually to be approximately equal.3.2.4 lightness, nthe attribute of color perception by which a non-self-luminous body is judged to reflect more or l
17、ess light.3.2.5 Munsell value, nan attribute of color used in the Munsell color system to indicate the lightness of a specimen viewedin daylight, on a scale extending from 0 for ideal black to 10 for ideal white, in steps that are visually approximately equal inmagnitude.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAchromatic
18、 or neutral colors are designated N followed by the value notation, thus: N 5.61/.3.2.6 chroma, nthe attribute of color used to indicate the degree of departure of the color from a neutral color of the samelightness.3.2.7 Munsell chroma, nan attribute of color used in the Munsell color system to ind
19、icate the degree of departure of a colorfrom a gray of the same Munsell value, in steps that are visually approximately equal in magnitude.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 Munsell surface-color perception solid, na spatial representation of colors in the form of a cylindrical
20、 coordinate systembased on the three perceptual attributes: hue, lightness and chroma.3.3.1.1 Discussion(1) This solid (see Fig. 2(2) forms the basis of the Munsell notation in which Munsell hue corresponds to hue, Munsell valuecorresponds to lightness, and Munsell chroma corresponds to chroma. The
21、central, vertical axis dimension represents neutralcolors, ranging from black at the bottom, through a gradation of grays, to white at the top. The lightness of a color perceived aschromatic (not gray) is represented by the distance above the base plane. Hue is represented by the angular position ab
22、out this axis(see Discussion (2). Chroma is represented by the perpendicular distance from the central axis. If the observer has normal colorFIG. 1 Designation Systems for Munsell HueD1535 142vision, is adapted to daylight, and views the specimen illuminated by CIE source C or D65, against a medium
23、gray to whitebackground, the Munsell value of the specimen correlates well with the observers perception of the lightness of the color. Underthe same conditions, the Munsell hue correlates well with the observers perception of hue and the Munsell chroma with theperception of chroma.3.3.1.2 Discussio
24、n(2) Although the original system proposed by Munsell was a left-handed coordinate system, the system is often represented as aright-handed system because it facilitates comparison to the CIE chromaticity diagram, taken to be right-handed.3.3.2 Munsell hue circle, na spatial representation of the Mu
25、nsell hue sectors on a circle, where the angular spacing representsa uniform scaling of hue; see Fig. 2.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists, engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing or desiredcolor. It is used in the natural sciences
26、 to record the colors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as human complexion,flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used to specify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, wheninstrumental color measurement is not economical. The Munsell system is widely used
27、for color tolerancing, even wheninstrumentation is employed (see Practice D3134). It is common practice to have color chips made to illustrate an aim color andthe just tolerable deviations from that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chips being called a Color Tolerance Set. Acolor toler
28、ance set exhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyone involved in the selection, production, andacceptance of the color can directly perceive the intent of the specification, before bidding to supply the color or startingproduction. A color tolerance set may be measured to establish
29、instrumental tolerances. Without extensive experience, it may beimpossible to visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from color measurement, but by this practice, the numbers can betranslated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplified by colored chips for visual examination.This col
30、or-order systemis the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as the Universal ColorLanguage, which associates color names, in the English language, with Munsell notations (3).5. Apparatus5.1 Munsell Book of Color, matte or glossy edition.35.2 Gray
31、 Masks, with rectangular openings the size of the chips in the Munsell Book of Color.5.3 Daylight Illuminating Equipment, as described in Practice D1729.FIG. 2 Dimensions of the Surface-Color-Perception SolidD1535 1436. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 This practice does not cover the preparation of
32、 test specimens. If preparation is necessary, see other ASTM standardscovering the appropriate materials or agree among interested parties on what the procedure shall be.7. Munsell Notation by Visual Means7.1 Lighting and Viewing Conditions:7.1.1 Specimens must be examined by an observer with normal
33、 color vision.7.1.2 For critical applications, use daylight illuminating equipment as described in Practice D1729.7.1.3 If the lighting equipment described in Practice D1729 is not available, natural daylight can be used to obtain notationshaving accuracy adequate for many purposes.7.2 Procedure:7.2
34、.1 When using daylight illuminating equipment, follow the lighting and viewing recommendations of Practice D1729.7.2.2 When determining the Munsell notation with natural daylight, select a window through which the sun is not shining. Anorth window is usually used in the northern hemisphere, and a so
35、uth window is usually used in the southern hemisphere. Placea working surface at the window so the light reaches the surface from the observers side, chiefly from the sky, and at anglescentering on 45 above the horizontal. Place a canopy of black cloth above the working surface to prevent errors cau
36、sed by theceiling or other objects being reflected from the surface of the specimens, or by light other than daylight falling on the worksurface. Place the specimen on a neutral medium gray to white background, where it is uniformly illuminated by daylight. Viewthe specimen along a direction just fa
37、r enough from the normal to avoid reflection of your forehead. Although 45 illuminationand perpendicular viewing are recommended by the CIE, converse conditions are equivalent if a black matte surface is placedopposite the observer to minimize the amount of light reflected from the specimen surface.
38、7.2.3 If both matte and glossy editions of the Munsell Book of Color are available, use the one having gloss most like thespecimen. Select the two adjacent Munsell constant-hue charts or chips between which the hue of the specimen lies. Place one oneach side of the specimen. Cover the specimen and c
39、harts with the gray masks so the specimen and one chip from each chart canbe seen. Move the masks from chip to chip to find the chips most like the specimen. The glossy chips are removable. Remove themand place immediately adjacent to the specimen. Estimate, in the following order, the value, the ch
40、roma, and the hue, byinterpolation or extrapolation of the notations on the chips, as described in 7.2.3.1 to 7.2.3.3. Interchange the positions of the charts,repeat the estimations, and average the results.7.2.3.1 ValueFind the chips between which the value of the specimen lies. Estimate the value
41、of the specimen to the nearesttenth of the one-value-step interval between adjacent value levels and record it, for example, 4.2.7.2.3.2 ChromaMove the masks to present successive colors of the same chroma and, by interpolation or extrapolation,determine the Munsell chroma. Pay chief attention to th
42、e Munsell chips having values nearest that of the specimen and secondaryattention to those next nearest. Although all Munsell chips of the same Munsell chroma are intended to appear to have the sameperceptual chroma, a slightly different estimate of chroma may be obtained by comparison with the chip
43、s of the next value. In suchcases, average the estimated Munsell chromas. Note that there are usually two chroma steps between adjacent columns of a chart.Estimate chroma to the nearest fifth of the 2-chroma interval and record it, for example, 6.4.7.2.3.3 HueEstimate the hue of the specimen by inte
44、rpolation between the chips of the nearest Munsell value and chroma inthe selected hue charts. Estimate to the nearest fifth of the 2.5-hue steps between adjacent hue charts and record it, for example,4.5R. (The tenth step of one hue sector is the zero of the next. The 10 is used; the zero is not.)
45、If the value and chroma of thespecimen do not correspond closely to those of any chip, repeat the interpolation of hue with the next closest pair of chips andrecord the average or estimate the hue as being closer to that of one or the other of the selected pairs of chips.7.2.3.4 The Munsell notation
46、 for the hue H, the value V, and the chroma C, is written in the form HV/C. Using the examplesgiven, the Munsell notation would be written 4.5R 4.2/6.4.8. Munsell Color Notation from CIE MeasurementNOTE 1The CIE results for the specimen must be based upon color measurements in which the specular com
47、ponent was excluded, and withcalculations made using the 1931 2 standard observer and illuminant C.8.1 ProcedureConvert the luminous reflectance, Y, and the chromaticity coordinates, x, y, of the specimen to Munsell colornotation by use of Table 1 and Figs. 3-16.5Table 2 contains the numerical data
48、from Ref (1) upon which Figs. 3-16 were based.NOTE 2For further information concerning Figs. 3-7, Fig. 9, Fig. 11, Fig. 13, Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 and see Newhall, et al. (1). For further informationconcerning Fig. 8 and Fig. 10, see I. Nimeroff (2).NOTE 3The luminous reflectance in the original refere
49、nce (1) was measured relative to Magnesium Oxide. The luminous reflectance values in Table2 were changed so that it is relative to the perfect reflecting diffuser.8.2 In Table 1, find the value, V, equivalent to the luminous reflectance, Y. Use Figs. 3-16 to estimate hue and chroma for valuelevels above and below the value found and linearly interpolate the hues and chromas for the desired value level. level (if those5 Fig. 8, Fig. 10, Fig. 12, Fig. 14, and Fig. 16 are enlargements of the low-chroma areas of Fig. 7, Fig. 9, Fig. 11, F
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