1、Designation: D 1556 07Standard Test Method forDensity and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by Sand-ConeMethod1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1556; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method may be used to determin
3、e the in-placedensity and unit weight of soils using a sand cone apparatus.1.2 This test method is applicable for soils without appre-ciable amounts of rock or coarse materials in excess of 112 in.(38 mm) in diameter.1.3 This test method may also be used for the determinationof the in-place density
4、and unit weight of intact or in situ soils,provided the natural void or pore openings in the soil are smallenough to prevent the sand used in the test from entering thevoids. The soil or other material being tested should havesufficient cohesion or particle attraction to maintain stable sideson a sm
5、all hole or excavation, and be firm enough to withstandthe minor pressures exerted in digging the hole and placing theapparatus over it, without deforming or sloughing.1.4 This test method is not suitable for organic, saturated, orhighly plastic soils that would deform or compress during theexcavati
6、on of the test hole. This test method may not besuitable for soils consisting of unbound granular materials thatwill not maintain stable sides in the test hole, soils containingappreciable amounts of coarse material larger than 112 in. (38mm), and granular soils having high void ratios.1.5 When mate
7、rials to be tested contain appreciableamounts of particles larger than 112 in. (38 mm), or when testhole volumes larger than 0.1 ft3(2830 cm3) are required, TestMethod D 4914 or D 5030 are applicable.1.6 It is common practice in the engineering profession toconcurrently use pounds to represent both
8、a unit of mass (lbm)and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separatesystems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravita-tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the useof two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. This test method has
9、been written using the gravita-tional system of units when dealing with the inch-poundsystem. In this system the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force(weight). However, the use of balances or scales recordingpounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3should not be regarded as nonco
10、nformance with this testmethod.1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026 unless superseded by this standard.1.7.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected,recorded or calculated in this standar
11、d are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; it
12、 is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits or reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analyticalmethods for engineering design.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesaf
13、ety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to S
14、oil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 2216 Test Methods fo
15、r Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibil
16、ity of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 1556 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cu
17、stomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohock
18、en, PA 19428-2959, United States.as Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD 4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD 4643 Test Method for
19、Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by the Microwave Oven MethodD 4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and WaterContent for Soils Containing Oversize ParticlesD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction
20、 Materials TestingD 4914 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Rock in Placeby the Sand Replacement Method in a Test PitD 4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide GasPressure TesterD 4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Conten
21、t of Soil By Direct HeatingD 5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Placeby the Water Replacement Method in a Test PitD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms in this standard,refer to Terminology D 653.3.2 De
22、finitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 compacted lift, na layer of compacted soil.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test hole is hand excavated in the soil to be tested andall the material from the hole is saved in a container. The holeis filled with free flowing sand of a known density, an
23、d thevolume is determined. The in-place wet density of the soil isdetermined by dividing the wet mass of the removed materialby the volume of the hole. The water content of the materialfrom the hole is determined and the dry mass of the materialand the in-place dry density are calculated using the w
24、et massof the soil, the water content, and the volume of the hole.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the density andwater content of compacted soils placed during the construc-tion of earth embankments, road fill, and structural backfill. Itoften is used as a basis of a
25、cceptance for soils compacted to aspecified density or percentage of a maximum density deter-mined by a test method, such as Test Methods D 698 orD 1557.5.1.1 Test Methods D 698 and D 1557 require that massmeasurements of laboratory compacted test specimens bedetermined to the nearest1gsothat comput
26、ed water contentsand densities can be reported to three and four significantdigits, respectively. This standard is a field procedure requiringmass measurements to the nearest 5 g. As such water contentcalculations should only be reported to two significant digitsand density to three significant digi
27、ts.5.2 This test method can be used to determine the in-placedensity of natural soil deposits, aggregates, soil mixtures, orother similar material.5.3 The use of this test method is generally limited to soil inan unsaturated condition. This test method is not recommendedfor soils that are soft or fr
28、iable (crumble easily) or in a moisturecondition such that water seeps into the hand excavated hole.The precision of the test may be affected for soils that deformeasily or that may undergo a volume change in the excavatedhole from vibration, or from standing or walking near the holeduring the test
29、(see Note 1).NOTE 1When testing in soft conditions or in soils near saturation,volume changes may occur in the excavated hole as a result of surfaceloading, personnel performing the test, and the like. This can sometimesbe avoided by the use of a platform that is supported some distance fromthe hole
30、. As it is not always possible to detect when a volume change hastaken place, test results should always be compared to the theoreticalsaturation density, or the zero air voids line on the dry density versus watercontent plot. Any in-place density test on compacted soils that calculatesto be more th
31、an 95 % saturation is suspect and an error has probablyoccurred, or the volume of the hole has changed during testing.NOTE 2Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con-tained in this test method, the precision of this test method is dependent onthe competence of the personnel performing
32、 it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of PracticeD 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance withPractice D 3740 does not in itself ensure reliable testing.
33、Reliable testingdepends on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluatingsome of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Sand-Cone Density Apparatus, consisting of sand con-tainer, sand cone, and base plate.6.1.1 Sand Container, an attachable jar or other sand con-tainer having a volume capacity
34、 in excess of that required to fillthe test hole and sand cone during the test.6.1.2 Sand Cone, a detachable appliance consisting of acylindrical valve with an orifice approximately12 in. (13 mm)in diameter, attached to a metal funnel and sand container onone end, and a large metal funnel (sand-cone
35、) on the other end.The valve will have stops to prevent rotating past the com-pletely open or completely closed positions. The appliance willbe constructed of metal sufficiently rigid to prevent distortionor volume changes in the cone. The walls of the cone will forman angle of approximately 60 with
36、 the base to allow uniformfilling with sand.6.1.3 Base Plate, a metal base plate or template with aflanged center hole cast or machined to receive the large funnel(cone) of the appliance described in 6.1.2. The base plate maybe round or square and will be a minimum of 3 in. (75 mm)larger than the fu
37、nnel (sand-cone). The plate will be flat on thebottom and have sufficient thickness or stiffness to be rigid.Plates with raised edges, ridges, ribs, or other stiffeners ofapproximately38 to12 in. (10 to 13 mm) high may be used.6.1.4 The mass of the sand required to fill the sand cone andbase plate w
38、ill be determined in accordance with the instruc-tions in Annex A1 prior to use.6.1.5 The details for the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 repre-sents the minimum acceptable dimensions suitable for testingsoils having maximum particle sizes of approximately 112 in.D1556072(38 mm) and test hole volumes of a
39、pproximately 0.1 ft3(2830cm3). When the material being tested contains a small amountof oversize and isolated larger particles are encountered, thetest should be moved to a new location. Larger apparatus andtest hole volumes are needed when particles larger than 112 in.(38 mm) are prevalent. The app
40、aratus described here representsa design that has proven satisfactory. Larger apparatus, or otherdesigns of similar proportions may be used as long as the basicprinciples of the sand volume determination are observed.When test hole volumes larger than 0.1 ft3(5660 cm3) arerequired Test Method D 4914
41、 should be utilized.6.2 SandSand must be clean, dry, uniform in density andgrading, uncemented, durable, and free-flowing. Any gradationmay be used that has a uniformity coefficient (Cu= D60/D10)less than 2.0, a maximum particle size smaller than 2.0 mm(No. 10 sieve), and less than 3 % by weight pas
42、sing 250 m(No. 60 sieve). Uniformly graded sand is needed to preventsegregation during handling, storage, and use. Sand free offines and fine sand particles is required to prevent significantbulk-density changes with normal daily changes in atmo-spheric humidity. Sand comprised of durable, natural s
43、ub-rounded, or rounded particles is desirable. Crushed sand orsand having angular particles may not be free-flowing, acondition that can cause bridging resulting in inaccuratedensity determinations (see Note 3). In selecting a sand from apotential source, a gradation and bulk-density determinationsi
44、n accordance with the procedure in Annex A2 should be madeon each container or bag of sand. To be an acceptable sand, thebulk-density variation between any one determination shall notbe greater than 1 % of the average. Before using sand indensity determinations, it shall be dried, then allowed to re
45、achan air-dried state in the general location where it is to be used(see Note 4). Sand shall not be re-used without removing anycontaminating soil, checking the gradation, drying and rede-termining the bulk-density (see Note 5). Bulk-density tests ofthe sand will be made at time intervals not exceed
46、ing 14 days,always after any significant changes in atmospheric humidity,before reusing, and before use of a new batch from apreviously approved supplier (see Note 6).NOTE 3Some manufactured (crushed) sands such as blasting sandhave been successfully used with good reproducibility. The reproducibili
47、tyof test results using angular sand should be checked under laboratorycontrolled testing situations before selecting an angular sand for use.NOTE 4Many organizations have found it beneficial to store sands inmoisture resistant containers. Sand should be stored in dry areas protectedfrom weather. Th
48、e use of a lighted bulb or other heat source in, or adjacentto the storage containers has also been found to be beneficial in areas ofhigh humidity.NOTE 5As a general rule, reclaiming sand after testing is notdesirable.NOTE 6Most sands have a tendency to absorb moisture from theatmosphere. A very sm
49、all amount of absorbed moisture can make asubstantial change in bulk-density. In areas of high humidity, or where thehumidity changes frequently, the bulk-density may need to be determinedmore often than the 14 day maximum interval indicated. The need formore frequent checks can be determined by comparing the results ofdifferent bulk-density tests on the same sand made in the same conditionsof use over a period of time.6.3 Balances or ScalesMeeting Specification D 4753,with 5.0 g readability, or better, to determine the mass of sandand excavated soils. A balance
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