1、Designation: D1558 10Standard Test Method forMoisture Content Penetration Resistance Relationships ofFine-Grained Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1558; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers establishing the moisture-penetration resistance relationships of fine-grained soils
3、asdetermined by the soil penetrometer.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall co
4、nform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
5、 and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for La
6、boratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content o
7、f Soil and Rock by MassD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Mater
8、ials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 penetration resistance curve (proctor penetrationcurve)the curve showing the relationship bet
9、ween the pen-etration resistance and the water content.3.1.2 All other terms and definitions are in accordance withTerminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is used with Methods A and B of TestMethods D698 or D1557 to develop relationships betweenmoisture content, density, and pen
10、etration resistance. Theserelationships are used with a previously prepared family ofmoisture-penetration curves as a rapid field test to determinethe approximate amount of moisture in the soil.NOTE 1When a penetration-resistance measurement of material inplace is compared at a given moisture conten
11、t with penetration-densitycurves prepared at a specified compactive effort, an approximate check ofcompaction (density) may be obtained.4.2 Penetration resistance determinations are not reliable forvery dry molded soil specimens or very granular soils.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this
12、 standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and the facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that1This t
13、est method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 200
14、4 as D1558 99(2004)1.DOI: 10.1520/D1558-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Cha
15、nges section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Spliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable testing.Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides ameans
16、 of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Moisture-Density Apparatus, conforming to the require-ments prescribed in Test Methods D698.5.2 Soil PenetrometerA soil penetrometer (see Fig. 1)consisting of a special spring dynamometer with pressure-indicating scale on the stem of the handle. T
17、he pressure scaleshall be graduated to 90 lbf in 2-lbf divisions with a lineencircling the stem at each 10-lbf interval, or graduated to 400N in 8.9 N divisions with a line encircling the stem at each 49N interval. A sliding ring on the stem shall indicate themaximum pressure obtained in the test.5.
18、3 Set of Standard Penetrometer NeedlesEach penetrom-eter needle (see Fig. 1) shall consist of a shank with a head ofknown end area. The set of interchangeable needles shallinclude the sizes given in Table 1. The needle shank shall havegraduations inscribed at intervals of12 in. (10 mm) to indicateth
19、e depth of penetration, and shall have a length of not less than4 in. (100 mm), excluding the threaded portion. Needles shouldnot be used when they have been worn so as to reduce theflat-end nominal area by 5 %. Needles that have been bent orotherwise damaged should not be used. Needles of otherdiam
20、eters/areas may be used.5.4 Balance or ScaleAdirect reading platform balance (orscale) having a minimum capacity of least 90 lb (400 N) andmeeting the requirements of Specification D4753 with areadability of 60.10 lb (49 mN) for use in calibrating thepenetrometer.6. Sample6.1 Prepare the sample in a
21、ccordance with either Method Aor B of Test Methods D698 or D1557. After preparation, thefraction passing the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve shall have at least20 % passing the No. 200 (75-m) sieve.7. Calibration7.1 The penetrometer may be calibrated by measuring theload applied by means of a platform scale.
22、Apply loadingmanually using the needle directly on the scale so that thespring compresses at a rate of approximately12 in. (10 mm) persecond to13 of the full range of the penetrometer scale. Readthe loading on the platform scale. Repeat the test at23 and thefull range of the penetrometer scale. The
23、difference, if any,between the penetrometer and the scale or balance should notexceed 2 lbf (8.89 N). For ease in calibration, it is recom-mended that the 1-in.2(64.5-mm2) needle be used.7.2 The penetrometer should be cleaned, lubricated, andcalibrated on a regular basis. The penetrometer should bes
24、tored in a clean location or case, with no compression on thespring.8. Procedure8.1 Compact the soil in the moisture-density mold in accor-dance with the procedure described in Method A or B of TestMethods D698 or D1557.8.2 Determine the resistance of the soil to penetration by useof the soil penetr
25、ometer with attached needle of known endarea. The needle used shall be of such size that the readingsobtained will be between 20 and 80 on the decimal scale or 10and 40 on the metric scale. Place the mold containing the soilspecimen on a smooth space between the feet of the operator.The operator sha
26、ll hold the penetrometer in a vertical positionand shall control the rate of penetration by steadying the armsagainst the front of the legs at the same time applying pressureto the penetrometer handle (Note 3). Penetrate the soil speci-men at the rate of 0.5 in. (13 mm)/s for a distance of not lesst
27、han 3 in. (76 mm). Place the penetration needle away from theedge of the mold (approximately four times the needle diam-eter), near the center, and space the individual penetrations soas not to interfere with one another. Penetrate the soil specimennot less than three times and use the average of th
28、e readings.NOTE 3With some large penetrometers, it is difficult to use the devicein the manner discussed in 8.2. Therefore, the operator should hold thepenetrometer in a comfortable vertical position that yields a steady rate ofpressure application.8.3 Determine the penetration resistance on each mo
29、ldedsoil specimen as described in 8.2.NOTE 4It is common to run the penetration resistance tests on theprepared and compacted specimens during the performance of TestMethods D698 and D1557. When performed in this manner, the moisturevalues may be used for both Test Methods D698 or D1557 and thisstan
30、dard.FIG. 1 Soil PenetrometerD1558 1029. Calculation9.1 Multiply the average penetrometer reading, as deter-mined in 8.2, by the reciprocal of the end area of thepenetration needle and record the resulting value as thepenetration resistance of the soil expressed in pounds-force persquare inch or kil
31、opascals. Calculate the moisture content ofthe soil in accordance with Test Method D2216.10. Moisture-Penetration Resistance Relationship10.1 Plot the penetration-resistance values and the corre-sponding moisture contents (as calculated in accordance withSection 9) on the same graph sheet with the c
32、orrespondingmoisture-density relations data (as provided in Test MethodsD698 and D1557). Plot the moisture-penetration resistancedata immediately above the moisture-density data, using thesame moisture content scale for both sets of data. Themoisture-penetration resistance relationship curve shall b
33、eestablished by not less than three determinations.11. Report: Test Data Sheets11.1 Record as a minimum, the following general informa-tion (data):11.1.1 Sample identifying information including ProjectNumber or name, sample number,11.1.2 Sample source coordinates and elevation, includingthe coordin
34、ate system and units used,11.1.3 Specimen water content reported to four significantplaces for each molded soil specimen,11.1.4 Diameter of needle(s) used,11.1.5 Penetration resistance on each molded soil specimen,11.1.6 Plot of the penetration resistance versus the moisturecontent. (Note: This may
35、be shown on the same graph as thespecimen points in Test Methods D698 or D1557.)12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionTest data on precision is not presented dueto the nature of the soils tested by this test method. It is eithernot feasible or too costly at this time to have ten or morelaboratories pa
36、rticipate in a round-robin testing program, or toproduce multiple specimens that have uniform physical prop-erties. Any variation observed in the data is just as likely to bedue to specimen variation as to operator or laboratory testingvariation. An estimate of the precision of this test method hasb
37、een determined based on a limited amount of data. This datawas derived from a round robin study of four laboratories usingan ML soil using Test Methods D698 with an average penetra-tion resistance of 1440 psi. Single operator standard deviationsof 78, with an acceptable range of 219 for two results,
38、 andmultilaboratory standard deviations of 566, with an acceptablerange of 1586 were determined in accordance with PracticeC670 and calculated in accordance with Practice E691.12.2 Subcommittee D18.08 is seeking pertinent data fromusers of this test method on precision.12.3 BiasThere is no accepted
39、reference value for this testmethod, therefore bias cannot be determined.13. Keywords13.1 backfills; base courses; compaction; compaction con-trol; compaction curves; control; density; field control; fieldlaboratories; field tests; fine grained soils; inspection; labora-tory test; maximum dry densit
40、y; moisture; moisture content;moisture control; penetration resistance; soil testsSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D1558 - 99(20041) that may impact the use of this standard. (October 1, 2010)(1) Added caveats to Se
41、ctions 1 and 4.(2) Added standards to Section 2. Deleted reference to obsoletestandards.(3) Added Report and Data section (Section 11).(4) Revised Precision and Bias section to current wordingretaining information from past.(5) Added Note 4 in Section 8.(6) Added provision to allow other dia/area ne
42、edles.(7) Added edits and clarifications throughout.TABLE 1 Standard Sizes For Interchangeable NeedlesSize (area),in.2134121315110120130140(cm2) (6.45) (4.84) (3.23) (2.15) (1.29) (0.65) (0.32) (0.22) (0.16)End diameter,in. 1.124 0.976 0.796 0.651 0.505 0.357 0.252 0.206 0.178(mm) (28.55) (24.79) (2
43、0.22) (16.54) (12.83) (9.07) (6.40) (5.23) (4.52)D1558 103ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such pate
44、nt rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited eith
45、er for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair h
46、earing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D1558 104
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