1、Designation: D 1560 05e1Standard Test Methods forResistance to Deformation and Cohesion of BituminousMixtures by Means of Hveem Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1560; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEAdjunct references were corrected editorially in April 2006.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover
3、 the determination of (1) theresistance to deformation of compacted bituminous mixturesby measuring the lateral pressure developed when applying avertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer and (2) thecohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring theforce required to break or bend the
4、sample as a cantilever beamby means of the Hveem cohesiometer.21.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
5、theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1561 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Mixture TestSpecimens by Means of Cali
6、fornia Kneading CompactorD 3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements forAgen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Cohesiometer42.3 California Department of Transportation Standards:Test 306 Method of Test for Cohesiometer Value2Test 366 Method of Test for Stabilom
7、eter Value23. Significance and Use3.1 The results of the deformation and cohesion tests can beused for specification purposes or for mix design purposes, orboth. For example, these values can be used for specificationcompliance testing of aggregate properties. They can also beused for specification
8、compliance testing of the mix. Thecohesion test is sometimes used for fine mixes such as sandmixes wherein cohesion, or tensile strength, is of major orprimary importance. The cohesion test is also sometimes usedfor the design of cold mixes containing emulsified asphalt.RESISTANCE TO DEFORMATION4. A
9、pparatus4.1 Stabilometer The Hveem stabilometer (Fig. 1 and Fig.2) is a triaxial testing device consisting essentially of a rubbersleeve within a metal cylinder containing a liquid whichregisters the horizontal pressure developed by a compacted testspecimen as a vertical load is applied.4.2 Testing
10、Machine A compression testing machine hav-ing a minimum capacity of 44.5 kN (10 000 lbf). Fig. 3 showsthe stabilometer in a testing machine. The 22-kN (50 000-lbf)capacity compression testing machine specified in PracticeD 1561, is normally used to perform the stabilometer test.4.3 Test Specimen Pus
11、h-Out DeviceA device, to push thespecimen out of the mold (see Fig. 4 for an example).4.4 OvenAn oven capable of maintaining a temperatureof 60 6 3C (140 6 5F).4.5 Calibration CylinderA hollow metal cylinder 101.66 0.13 mm (4 6 0.005 in.) in outside diameter by 140 6 6.4mm (5.5 6 0.25 in.) high (for
12、 calibration purposes).4.6 Rubber BulbFor introducing air into the stabilometer.4.7 FollowerOne solid wall metal follower 101.2 mm(3.985 in.) in diameter by 140 mm (512 in.) high (see Fig. 5 andFig. 6).1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 onRoad and Paving Materials a
13、nd are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD04.20 on Mechanical Tests of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved March 31, 2006. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 1560 92 (2005).2A more detailed description of the procedures fo
14、r performing the tests isavailable on request from the California Dept. of Transportation, 5900 FolsomBlvd., Sacramento, CA 95819. Also available is a procedure containing detailsregarding the operation and calibration of the stabilometer and the replacement ofthe stabilometer diaphragm.3For referen
15、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Detailed working drawings of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 9 are ava
16、ilablefrom ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD156001. Originaladjunct produced in 1960.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Test Specimens5.1 Test specimens shall be mixed and compacted in accor-danc
17、e with those procedures normally used. The proceduredescribed in Practice D 1561 is a suitable procedure.5.2 Test specimens shall be 102 mm (4 in.) in diameter. Theheight of the test specimens should be 64 6 3 mm (2.5 6 0.1in.). If this height cannot be obtained, the stabilometer valueshall be corre
18、cted as indicated by Fig. 7.6. Adjustment of Stabilometer6.1 Adjust the stabilometer base so that the distance fromthe bottom of the upper tapered ring (see Fig. 1) to the top ofthe base is 89 mm (3.5 in.).6.2 Place the calibration cylinder (preheated to 60C(140F) in place in the stabilometer. Seat
19、it firmly on the stage,hold it in place with either the hand or a vertical load of 0.45kN (100 lbf) in the testing machine, and apply a horizontalpressure of exactly 34.5 kPa (5 psi). When applying the34.5-kPa pressure, always start below or drop below this value,then bring the pressure up to 34.5 k
20、Pa (5 psi) and gently tap thedial to remove any slack in the system. Adjust the turnsindicator dial to zero. Turn the pump handle at an approximaterate of two turns per second until the stabilometer dial reads689 kPa (100 psi). The turns indicator dial shall read 2.00 60.05 turns. If it does not, th
21、e air in the cell must be adjusted.Remove or add air by means of the valve and the rubber bulb,then repeat the displacement measurement. Continue to adjustthe amount of air in the system until the proper number of turnsis obtained. Release the horizontal pressure and remove thecalibration cylinder.6
22、.3 With the stabilometer and stage base in position on theplaten, adjust the testing machine so that the load will beapplied at the rate of 1.3 mm (0.05 in.)/min.7. Procedure7.1 Heat the specimen to be tested in an oven at 60 6 3C(140 6 5F) for 3 to 4 h.NOTE 1Bring the specimen to room temperature i
23、n the case in whichit is desired to test with whatever moisture may be present in the mixture.7.2 Transfer the compacted specimen from the mold to thestabilometer by means of a suitable push-out device. Make surethat the specimen goes into the stabilometer straight, with thetamped end up, and that i
24、t is firmly seated level on the base.Place the follower on top of the specimen and apply ahorizontal pressure until exactly 34.5 kPa (5 psi) is recorded onthe stabilometer gage. If the testing machine has a sphericallyseated type of upper head, the locking shims used during thefabrication of the tes
25、t specimen must be removed beforeperforming the stabilometer test. Start the vertical movementof the press (speed of 1.3 mm (0.05 in.)/min) and record thestabilometer gage readings when the vertical load is 13.4, 22.3,and 26.7 kN (3000, 5000, and 6000 lbf). Stop the verticalmovement of the press whe
26、n the total load reaches 26.7 kN(6000 lbf). Immediately reduce the vertical load to 4.45 6 0.45kN (1000 6 100 lbf), and then adjust the horizontal pressure to34.5 kPa (5 psi). This will result in a further reduction of thevertical load to less than 4.45 kN (1000 lbf). This is normal andno compensati
27、on need be made. Measure the number of turnsof the pump handle required to raise the horizontal pressurefrom 34.5 to 689 kPa (5 to 100 psi) with the specimen in place.Turn the pump handle at approximately two turns per secondwhen applying this pressure. The number of turns measured isthe displacemen
28、t reading, D. In measuring the displacement,the vertical load will increase and at times exceed 4.45 kN(1000 lbf). As before, these changes in load are characteristicand no adjustment or compensation is required.8. Calculation8.1 Determine the stabilometer value of the specimen asfollows:S 522.2Ph D
29、!/Pv2 Ph!# 1 0.222(1)where:S = stabilometer value,Ph= horizontal pressure for corresponding Pvin kPa (orpsi),D = displacement of specimen, andPv= vertical pressure (typically the 2800 kPa (400 psi)being applied when the vertical load is 22.3 kN (5000lbf).9. Report9.1 Report the following information
30、:9.1.1 Stabilometer value,9.1.2 Test temperature, and9.1.3 Bitumen content.TABLE 1AAir cell.BDisplacement pump.C200-psi pressure gage.DAmes dial.EBase adjustment nut.FBottom of upper tapered ring.FIG. 1 Hveem StabilometerD156005e12COHESION10. Apparatus10.1 Cohesiometer A Hveem cohesiometer, as shown
31、 inFig. 8 and Fig. 9.4The steel shot loading system may bereplaced by any load delivery system that applies the load atthe rate of 1800 6 20 g/min.10.2 Steel Shot2000 g of steel shot, size No. 10, allpassing a 2.00-mm (No. 10) sieve and retained on a 1.40-mm(No. 14) sieve.10.3 OvenAn oven capable of
32、 maintaining a temperatureof 60 6 3C (140 6 5F).10.4 BalanceA balance having a capacity of 10 kg andsensitive to1gorless.11. Test Specimens11.1 Preparation of SpecimenThe test specimen willnormally be the compacted specimen used after completion ofthe stabilometer test. If the sample is taken from a
33、 compressedpavement slab by means other than coring, it should be cut tosize with a suitable saw.11.2 Size of SpecimensThe cohesiometer is designed totest specimens up to 127 mm (5 in.) in width and from 25 to 76mm (1 to 3 in.) in height.12. Procedure12.1 Heat the specimen to be tested in an oven at
34、 60 6 3C(140 6 5F) for 3 to 4 h.12.2 Preheat the cohesiometer to 60 6 3C (140 6 5F).Clamp the test specimen firmly in the cohesiometer with thetamped surface up, being certain that it is well centered withthe top plates parallel with the surface of the specimen. Tightenthe clamp nuts until snug usin
35、g the fingers only. Delay startingthe test until the temperature within the cohesiometer cabinetreturns to 60 6 3C (140 6 5F). Allow the shot to flow intothe receiver at the end of the lever arm at a rate of flow of 18006 20 g/min. Stop the flow of shot when the specimen breaks orwhen the lever arm
36、deflects 13 mm (12 in.) from the horizontal,if that occurs before the specimen breaks. Weigh and record theweight of shot in grams.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate the cohesiometer value as follows:SI Units:C 5LW 0.031H 1 0.0027H2!(2)Inch-Pound Units:C 5LW 0.20 H 1 0.044H2!(3)NOTE 1The specimen is give
37、n lateral support by the flexible sidewall, which transmits horizontal pressure to the liquid. The magnitude of the pressurecan be read on the gage.FIG. 2 Diagrammatic Sketch of the Hveem StabilometerFIG. 3 Hveem Stabilometer Placed in the Testing MachineD156005e13where:C = cohesiometer value (g/25
38、mm (1 in.) of width cor-rected to 76-mm (3-in.) height);L = weight of shot, g;W = diameter or width of specimen, cm (or in.); andH = height of specimen, cm (or in.).14. Report14.1 Report the following information:14.1.1 Cohesiometer value,14.1.2 Test temperature, and14.1.3 Bitumen content.15. Precis
39、ion and Bias15.1 PrecisionPrecision estimates based on five pairs ofAMRL bituminous concrete design proficiency samples havebeen developed. The samples included 9.5- and 19-mm (38-and34-in.) maximum size aggregate gradations.Test Type IndexCoefficientofVariation,1s %Acceptable Rangeof Two TestResult
40、s, d2s %Resistance to single operator 9 25Deformation multilaboratory 21 59Cohesion single operator 20 57multilaboratory 38 108FIG. 4 Detailed Drawings of the Test Specimen Push-Out DeviceFIG. 5 Specimen FollowerD156005e1415.2 The precision of these test methods depends on theability of the personne
41、l performing them and the competencyof the equipment used. A method to check this can be found inSpecification D 3666.15.3 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias for the procedure in TestMethods D 1560 for measuring the resistance to deformationand the coh
42、esion of bituminous mixtures, no statement on biasis being made.FIG. 6 Detailed Drawing of the Specimen FollowerD156005e15FIG. 7 Chart for Correcting Stabilometer Values to Specimen Height of 2.5 in. 64 mmD156005e16ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights ass
43、erted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time b
44、y the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will rece
45、ive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Inte
46、rnational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 8 Hveem CohesiometerFIG. 9 Detailed Drawing of the Hveem CohesiometerD156005e17
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