ASTM D1560-2009 Standard Test Methods for Resistance to Deformation and Cohesion of Bituminous Mixtures by Means of Hveem Apparatus.pdf

1、Designation: D 1560 09Standard Test Methods forResistance to Deformation and Cohesion of BituminousMixtures by Means of Hveem Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1560; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case

2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of (1) theresistance to deformation of compacted b

3、ituminous mixturesby measuring the lateral pressure developed when applying avertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer and (2) thecohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring theforce required to break or bend the sample as a cantilever beamby means of the Hveem cohesiometer.21.2 Th

4、e values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated

5、 with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1561 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Mixture TestSpeci

6、mens by Means of California Kneading CompactorD 3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements forAgen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Cohesiometer42.3 California Department of Transportation Standards:Test 306 Method of Test for Cohesiometer Value2Test 366 Method

7、 of Test for Stabilometer Value23. Significance and Use3.1 The results of the deformation and cohesion tests can beused for specification purposes or for mix design purposes, orboth. For example, these values can be used for specificationcompliance testing of aggregate properties. They can also beus

8、ed for specification compliance testing of the mix. Thecohesion test is sometimes used for fine mixes such as sandmixes wherein cohesion, or tensile strength, is of major orprimary importance. The cohesion test is also sometimes usedfor the design of cold mixes containing emulsified asphalt.RESISTAN

9、CE TO DEFORMATION4. Apparatus4.1 Stabilometer The Hveem stabilometer (Fig. 1 and Fig.2) is a triaxial testing device consisting essentially of a rubbersleeve within a metal cylinder containing a liquid whichregisters the horizontal pressure developed by a compacted testspecimen as a vertical load is

10、 applied.4.2 Testing Machine A compression testing machine hav-ing a minimum capacity of 10 000 lbf (44.5 kN). Fig. 3 showsthe stabilometer in a testing machine. The 50 000 lbf (22-kN)capacity compression testing machine specified in PracticeD 1561, is normally used to perform the stabilometer test.

11、4.3 Test Specimen Push-Out DeviceA device, to push thespecimen out of the mold (see Fig. 4 for an example).4.4 OvenAn oven capable of maintaining a temperatureof 140 6 5F (60 6 3C).4.5 Calibration CylinderA hollow metal cylinder 4.0006 0.005 in. (101.6 6 0.13 mm) in outside diameter by 5.50 60.25 in

12、. (140 6 6.4 mm) high (for calibration purposes).4.6 Rubber BulbFor introducing air into the stabilometer.4.7 FollowerOne solid wall metal follower 3.985 in.(101.2 mm) in diameter by 512 in. (140 mm) high (see Fig. 5and Fig. 6).1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 onR

13、oad and Paving Materials and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD04.20 on Mechanical Tests of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 1560 051.2A more detailed description of the

14、 procedures for performing the tests isavailable on request from the California Dept. of Transportation, 5900 FolsomBlvd., Sacramento, CA 95819. Also available is a procedure containing detailsregarding the operation and calibration of the stabilometer and the replacement ofthe stabilometer diaphrag

15、m.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Detailed working drawings of the apparatus illustrated in

16、Fig. 9 are availablefrom ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD156001. Originaladjunct produced in 1960.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Test Specimens5.1 Test specimens shall be mixed and compacted

17、 in accor-dance with those procedures normally used. The proceduredescribed in Practice D 1561 is a suitable procedure.5.2 Test specimens shall be 4 in. (102 mm) in diameter. Theheight of the test specimens should be 2.5 6 0.5 in. (64 6 3mm). If this height cannot be obtained, the stabilometer value

18、shall be corrected as indicated by Fig. 7.6. Adjustment of Stabilometer6.1 Adjust the stabilometer base so that the distance fromthe bottom of the upper tapered ring (see Fig. 1) to the top ofthe base is 3.5 in. (89 mm).6.2 Place the calibration cylinder (preheated to 140F(60C) in place in the stabi

19、lometer. Seat it firmly on the stage,hold it in place with either the hand or a vertical load of 100 lbf(0.45 kN) in the testing machine, and apply a horizontalpressure of exactly 5 psi (34.5 kPa). When applying the 5 psi(34.5 kPa) pressure, always start below or drop below thisvalue, then bring the

20、 pressure up to 5 psi (34.5 kPa) and gentlytap the dial to remove any slack in the system. Adjust the turnsindicator dial to zero. Turn the pump handle at an approximaterate of two turns per second until the stabilometer dial reads100 psi (689 kPa). The turns indicator dial shall read 2.00 60.05 tur

21、ns. If it does not, the air in the cell must be adjusted.Remove or add air by means of the valve and the rubber bulb,then repeat the displacement measurement. Continue to adjustthe amount of air in the system until the proper number of turnsis obtained. Release the horizontal pressure and remove the

22、calibration cylinder.6.3 With the stabilometer and stage base in position on theplaten, adjust the testing machine so that the load will beapplied at the rate of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) /min.7. Procedure7.1 Heat the specimen to be tested in an oven at 140 6 5F(60 6 3C) for 3 to 4 h.NOTE 1Bring the specime

23、n to room temperature in the case in whichit is desired to test with whatever moisture may be present in the mixture.7.2 Transfer the compacted specimen from the mold to thestabilometer by means of a suitable push-out device. Make surethat the specimen goes into the stabilometer straight, with theta

24、mped end up, and that it is firmly seated level on the base.Place the follower on top of the specimen and apply ahorizontal pressure until exactly 5 psi (34.5 kPa) is recorded onthe stabilometer gauge. If the testing machine has a sphericallyseated type of upper head, the locking shims used during t

25、hefabrication of the test specimen must be removed beforeperforming the stabilometer test. Start the vertical movementof the press (speed of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) /min) and record thestabilometer gauge readings when the vertical load is 3000,5000, and 6000 lbf (13.4, 22.3, and 26.7 kN). Stop the vertica

26、lmovement of the press when the total load reaches 6000 lbf(26.7 kN). Immediately reduce the vertical load to 1000 6 100lbf (4.45 6 0.45 kN), and then adjust the horizontal pressure to5 psi (34.5 kPa). This will result in a further reduction of thevertical load to less than 1000 lbf (4.45 kN). This

27、is normal andno compensation need be made. Measure the number of turnsof the pump handle required to raise the horizontal pressurefrom 5 to 100 psi (34.5 to 689 kPa) with the specimen in place.Turn the pump handle at approximately two turns per secondwhen applying this pressure. The number of turns

28、measured isthe displacement reading, D. In measuring the displacement,the vertical load will increase and at times exceed 1000 lbf(4.45 kN). As before, these changes in load are characteristicand no adjustment or compensation is required.8. Calculation8.1 Determine the stabilometer value of the spec

29、imen asfollows:S 522.2Ph D!/Pv2 Ph!# 1 0.222(1)where:S = stabilometer value,Ph= horizontal pressure for corresponding Pvin psi (orkPa),D = displacement of specimen, andPv= vertical pressure (typically the 400 psi (2800 kPa)being applied when the vertical load is 5000 lbf (22.3kN).9. Report9.1 Report

30、 the following information:9.1.1 Stabilometer value,9.1.2 Test temperature, and9.1.3 Bitumen content.TABLE 1AAir cell.BDisplacement pump.C200-psi pressure gauge.DAmes dial.EBase adjustment nut.FBottom of upper tapered ring.FIG. 1 Hveem StabilometerD1560092COHESION10. Apparatus10.1 CohesiometerA Hvee

31、m cohesiometer, as shown inFig. 8 and Fig. 9.4The steel shot loading system may bereplaced by any load delivery system that applies the load atthe rate of 1800 6 20 g/min.10.2 Steel Shot2000 g of steel shot, size No. 10, allpassing a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve and retained on a No. 14(1.40-mm) sieve.10.

32、3 OvenAn oven capable of maintaining a temperatureof 140 6 5F (60 6 3C).10.4 BalanceA balance having a capacity of 10 kg andsensitive to1gorless.11. Test Specimens11.1 Preparation of SpecimenThe test specimen willnormally be the compacted specimen used after completion ofthe stabilometer test. If th

33、e sample is taken from a compressedpavement slab by means other than coring, it should be cut tosize with a suitable saw.11.2 Size of SpecimensThe cohesiometer is designed totest specimens up to 5 in. (127 mm) in width and from 1 to 3in. (25 to 76 mm) in height.12. Procedure12.1 Heat the specimen to

34、 be tested in an oven at 140 6 5F(60 6 3C) for 3 to 4 h.12.2 Preheat the cohesiometer to 140 6 5F (60 6 3C).Clamp the test specimen firmly in the cohesiometer with thetamped surface up, being certain that it is well centered withthe top plates parallel with the surface of the specimen. Tightenthe cl

35、amp nuts until snug using the fingers only. Delay startingthe test until the temperature within the cohesiometer cabinetreturns to 140 6 5F (60 6 3C). Allow the shot to flow intothe receiver at the end of the lever arm at a rate of flow of 18006 20 g/min. Stop the flow of shot when the specimen brea

36、ks orwhen the lever arm deflects12 in. (13 mm) from the horizontal,if that occurs before the specimen breaks. Weigh and record theweight of shot in grams.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate the cohesiometer value as follows:Inch-Pound Units:C 5LW 0.20 H 1 0.044H2!(2)SI Units:C 5LW 0.031H 1 0.0027H2!(3)NOT

37、E 1The specimen is given lateral support by the flexible sidewall, which transmits horizontal pressure to the liquid. The magnitude of the pressurecan be read on the gauge.FIG. 2 Diagrammatic Sketch of the Hveem StabilometerFIG. 3 Hveem Stabilometer Placed in the Testing MachineD1560093where:C = coh

38、esiometer value (g/1 in. (25 mm) of width cor-rected to 3-in. (76-mm) height);L = weight of shot, g;W = diameter or width of specimen, in. (or cm); andH = height of specimen, in. (or cm).14. Report14.1 Report the following information:14.1.1 Cohesiometer value,14.1.2 Test temperature, and14.1.3 Bitu

39、men content.15. Precision and Bias15.1 PrecisionPrecision estimates based on five pairs ofAMRL bituminous concrete design proficiency samples havebeen developed. The samples included38- and34-in. (9.5- and19-mm) maximum size aggregate gradations.Test Type IndexCoefficientofVariation,1s %Acceptable R

40、angeof Two TestResults, d2s %Resistance to single operator 9 25Deformation multilaboratory 21 59Cohesion single operator 20 57multilaboratory 38 108FIG. 4 Detailed Drawings of the Test Specimen Push-Out DeviceFIG. 5 Specimen FollowerD156009415.2 The precision of these test methods depends on theabil

41、ity of the personnel performing them and the competencyof the equipment used. A method to check this can be found inSpecification D 3666.15.3 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these testmethods for measuring the resistance to defo

42、rmation and thecohesion of bituminous mixtures, no statement on bias is beingmade.FIG. 6 Detailed Drawing of the Specimen FollowerD1560095FIG. 7 Chart for Correcting Stabilometer Values to Specimen Height of 2.5 in. 64 mmD1560096ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any pat

43、ent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision

44、 at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comm

45、ents will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighte

46、d by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 8 Hveem CohesiometerFIG. 9 Detailed Drawing of the Hveem CohesiometerD1560097