1、Designation: D1560 15Standard Test Methods forResistance to Deformation and Cohesion of AsphaltMixtures by Means of Hveem Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1560; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of (1) theresistance to deformation of compacted asphal
3、t mixtures bymeasuring the lateral pressure developed when applying avertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer and (2) thecohesion of compacted asphalt mixtures by measuring theforce required to break or bend the sample as a cantilever beamby means of the Hveem cohesiometer.21.2 The values st
4、ated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard, with the exception that the steel shot flow rate forthe cohesiometer is expressed in g/min units. The values givenin parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3
5、The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredas requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associa
6、ted with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1561 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Mixture TestSpe
7、cimens by Means of California Kneading CompactorD3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials2.2 California Department of Transportation Standards:Test 366 Method of Test for Stabilometer Value23. Significance and Use3.1 The results of th
8、e deformation and cohesion tests can beused for specification purposes or for mix design purposes, orboth. For example, these values can be used for specificationcompliance testing of aggregate properties. They can also beused for specification compliance testing of the mix. Thecohesion test is some
9、times used for fine mixes such as sandmixes wherein cohesion, or tensile strength, is of major orprimary importance. The cohesion test is also sometimes usedfor the design of cold mixes containing emulsified asphalt.NOTE 1The quality of the results produced by this standard aredependent on the compe
10、tence of the personnel performing the procedureand the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generallyconsidered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautione
11、d that compliance withSpecification D3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions ofSpecification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides ameans of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.RESISTANCE TO
12、DEFORMATION4. Apparatus4.1 Stabilometer The Hveem stabilometer (Fig. 1 and Fig.2) is a triaxial testing device consisting essentially of a rubbersleeve within a metal cylinder containing a liquid whichregisters the horizontal pressure developed by a compacted testspecimen as a vertical load is appli
13、ed.4.2 Testing MachineA compression testing machine hav-ing a minimum capacity of 10 000 lbf (44.5 kN). Fig. 3 showsthe stabilometer in a testing machine.4.3 Test Specimen Push-Out DeviceA device, to push thespecimen out of the mold.4.4 OvenAn oven capable of maintaining a temperature of140 6 5F (60
14、 6 3C).1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 onRoad and Paving Materials and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD04.20 on Mechanical Tests of Asphalt Mixtures.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published August 2015. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previ
15、ous edition approved in 2009 as D1560 09a. DOI:10.1520/D1560-15.2A more detailed description of the procedures for performing the tests isavailable on request from the California Dept. of Transportation, 5900 FolsomBlvd., Sacramento, CA 95819. Also available is a procedure containing detailsregardin
16、g the operation and calibration of the stabilometer and the replacement ofthe stabilometer diaphragm.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards D
17、ocument Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.5 Calibration CylinderAhollow metal cylinder 4.000 60.005 in. (101.6 6 0.13 mm) in outside diameter by 5.50 60.25 in. (140 6 6.4 mm) high (for c
18、alibration purposes).4.6 Rubber BulbFor introducing air into the stabilometer.4.7 FollowerOne solid wall metal follower 3.985 in.(101.2 mm) in diameter by 512 in. (140 mm) high (see Fig. 4and Fig. 5).5. Test Specimens5.1 Test specimens shall be mixed and compacted in accor-dance with those procedure
19、s normally used. The proceduredescribed in Practice D1561 is a suitable procedure.5.2 Test specimens shall be 4 in. (102 mm) in diameter. Theheight of the test specimens should be 2.5 6 0.5 in. (64 6 3mm). If this height cannot be obtained, the stabilometer valueshall be corrected as indicated by Fi
20、g. 6.6. Adjustment of Stabilometer6.1 Adjust the stabilometer base so that the distance fromthe bottom of the upper tapered ring (see Fig. 1) to the top ofthe base is 3.5 in. (89 mm).6.2 Place the calibration cylinder (preheated to 140F(60C) in place in the stabilometer. Seat it firmly on the stage,
21、hold it in place with either the hand or a vertical load of 100 lbf(0.45 kN) in the testing machine, and apply a horizontalpressure of exactly 5 psi (34.5 kPa). When applying the 5 psi(34.5 kPa) pressure, always start below or drop below thisvalue, then bring the pressure up to 5 psi (34.5 kPa) and
22、gentlytap the dial to remove any slack in the system. Adjust the turnsindicator dial to zero. Turn the pump handle at an approximaterate of two turns per second until the stabilometer dial reads100 psi (689 kPa). The turns indicator dial shall read 2.00 60.05 turns. If it does not, the air in the ce
23、ll must be adjusted.Remove or add air by means of the valve and the rubber bulb,then repeat the displacement measurement. Continue to adjustthe amount of air in the system until the proper number of turnsis obtained. Release the horizontal pressure and remove thecalibration cylinder.6.3 With the sta
24、bilometer and stage base in position on theplaten, adjust the testing machine so that the load will beapplied at the rate of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) /min.7. Procedure7.1 Heat the specimen to be tested in an oven at 140 6 5F(60 6 3C) for 3 to 4 h.NOTE 2Bring the specimen to room temperature in the case in
25、whichit is desired to test with whatever moisture may be present in the mixture.7.2 Transfer the compacted specimen from the mold to thestabilometer by means of a suitable push-out device. Make surethat the specimen goes into the stabilometer straight, with thetamped end up, and that it is firmly se
26、ated level on the base.Place the follower on top of the specimen and apply ahorizontal pressure until exactly 5 psi (34.5 kPa) is recorded onthe stabilometer gauge. If the testing machine has a sphericallyseated type of upper head, the locking shims used during thefabrication of the test specimen mu
27、st be removed beforeperforming the stabilometer test. Start the vertical movementof the press (speed of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) /min) and record thestabilometer gauge readings when the vertical load is 3000,5000, and 6000 lbf (13.4, 22.3, and 26.7 kN). Stop the verticalmovement of the press when the total
28、 load reaches 6000 lbf(26.7 kN). Immediately reduce the vertical load to 1000 6 100lbf (4.45 6 0.45 kN), and then adjust the horizontal pressure to5 psi (34.5 kPa). This will result in a further reduction of thevertical load to less than 1000 lbf (4.45 kN). This is normal andno compensation need be
29、made. Measure the number of turnsof the pump handle required to raise the horizontal pressurefrom 5 to 100 psi (34.5 to 689 kPa) with the specimen in place.Turn the pump handle at approximately two turns per secondwhen applying this pressure. The number of turns measured isthe displacement reading,
30、D. In measuring the displacement,the vertical load will increase and at times exceed 1000 lbf(4.45 kN). As before, these changes in load are characteristicand no adjustment or compensation is required.8. Calculation8.1 Determine the stabilometer value of the specimen asfollows:S 522.2PhD!/Pv2 Ph!#10
31、.222(1)where:S = stabilometer value,Ph= horizontal pressure for corresponding Pvin psi (or kPa),D = displacement of specimen, andPv= vertical pressure (typically the 400 psi (2800 kPa) beingapplied when the vertical load is 5000 lbf (22.3 kN).AAir cell.BDisplacement pump.C200-psi pressure gauge.DAme
32、s dial.EBase adjustment nut.FBottom of upper tapered ring.FIG. 1 Hveem StabilometerD1560 1529. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Stabilometer value,9.1.2 Test temperature, and9.1.3 Asphalt content.NOTE 1The specimen is given lateral support by the flexible sidewall, which transmits ho
33、rizontal pressure to the liquid. The magnitude of the pressurecan be read on the gauge.FIG. 2 Diagrammatic Sketch of the Hveem StabilometerFIG. 3 Hveem Stabilometer Placed in the Testing MachineFIG. 4 Specimen FollowerD1560 153COHESION10. Apparatus10.1 CohesiometerA Hveem cohesiometer,4as shown inFi
34、g. 7 and Fig. 8. The steel shot loading system may bereplaced by any load delivery system that applies the load atthe rate of 1800 6 20 g/min.10.2 Steel Shot2000 g of steel shot, size No. 10, allpassing a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve and retained on a No. 14(1.40-mm) sieve.10.3 OvenAn oven capable of main
35、taining a temperatureof 140 6 5F (60 6 3C).10.4 BalanceA balance having a capacity of 10 kg andsensitive to1gorless.11. Test Specimens11.1 Preparation of SpecimenThe test specimen will nor-mally be the compacted specimen used after completion of thestabilometer test. If the sample is taken from a co
36、mpressed4The sole source of supply of the cohesiometer known to the committee at thistime is Precision Machine and Welding, Salina, Kansas. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at
37、 a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 5 Detailed Drawing of the Specimen FollowerD1560 154pavement slab by means other than coring, it should be cut tosize with a suitable saw.FIG. 6 Chart for Correcting Stabilometer Values to Specimen Height of 2.5 in. (64 mm)F
38、IG. 7 Hveem Cohesiometer (shown without thermal enclosure)D1560 15511.2 Size of SpecimensThe cohesiometer is designed totest specimens up to 5 in. (127 mm) in width and from 1 to 3in. (25 to 76 mm) in height.12. Procedure12.1 Heat the specimen to be tested in an oven at 140 6 5F(60 6 3C) for 3 to 4
39、h.12.2 Preheat the cohesiometer to 140 6 5F (60 6 3C).Clamp the test specimen firmly in the cohesiometer with thetamped surface up, being certain that it is well centered withthe top plates parallel with the surface of the specimen. Tightenthe clamp nuts until snug using the fingers only. Delay star
40、tingthe test until the temperature within the cohesiometer cabinetreturns to 140 6 5F (60 6 3C). Allow the shot to flow intothe receiver at the end of the lever arm at a rate of flow of 18006 20 g/min. Stop the flow of shot when the specimen breaks orwhen the lever arm deflects12 in. (13 mm) from th
41、e horizontal,if that occurs before the specimen breaks. Weigh and record theweight of shot in grams.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate the cohesiometer value as follows:Inch-Pound Units:C 5LW0.20 H10.044H2!(2)SI Units:C 5LW0.031H10.0027H2!(3)where:C = cohesiometer value (g/1 in. (25 mm) of width cor-rect
42、ed to 3-in. (76-mm) height);L = weight of shot, g;W = diameter or width of specimen, in. (or cm); andH = height of specimen, in. (or cm).14. Report14.1 Report the following information:14.1.1 Cohesiometer value,14.1.2 Test temperature, and14.1.3 Asphalt content.15. Precision and Bias15.1 PrecisionPr
43、ecision estimates based on five pairs ofAMRL asphalt concrete design proficiency samples have beendeveloped. The samples included38- and34-in. (9.5- and19-mm) maximum size aggregate gradations.Test Type IndexCoefficientofVariation,1s %Acceptable Rangeof Two TestResults, d2s %Resistance to single ope
44、rator 9 25Deformation multilaboratory 21 59Cohesion single operator 20 57multilaboratory 38 10815.2 The precision of these test methods depends on theability of the personnel performing them and the competencyof the equipment used. A method to check this can be found inSpecification D3666.15.3 BiasS
45、ince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these testmethods for measuring the resistance to deformation and thecohesion of asphalt mixtures, no statement on bias is beingmade.16. Keywords16.1 asphalt mixtures; cohesiometer; cohesion; deforma-t
46、ion; Hveem; stabilometerFIG. 8 Detailed Drawing of the Hveem CohesiometerD1560 156ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the v
47、alidity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your c
48、omments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments ha
49、ve not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocop
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