ASTM D1566-2008a Standard Terminology Relating to Rubber.pdf

1、Designation: D 1566 08aStandard Terminology Relating toRubber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1566; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates

2、the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical termsused in the rubber industry. Terms that are generally under-stood or adequately defined in other readily availab

3、le sourcesare not included.1.2 Definitions for terms that have been established by otherbodies recognized as expert in the field will, after ballotapproval, be inserted in this terminology without change, andthe source of the definition will be identified. Exceptions to thisrule will be where the me

4、aning of the term as used in the rubberindustry is different from the common meaning of the term.1.3 Users of this terminology who require mathematicalexpressions for the time and temperature dependent physicalproperties of some terms found in this standard should refer toGuide D 5992 and other stan

5、dards listed under referenceddocuments. Selected terms from Guide D 5992 may be foundin Annex A1.1.4 Although this terminology standard avoids the inclusionof jargon and archaic terms as much as possible, some termshave been retained for historical reasons.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2

6、D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 925 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyStaining of Sur-faces (Contact, Migration, and Diffusion)D 1076 Specification for RubberConcentrated, AmmoniaPreserved, Creamed, and Centrifuged Natural LatexD 1148 Test Method for Rubb

7、er DeteriorationDiscoloration from Ultraviolet (UV) and Heat Exposure ofLight-Colored SurfacesD 1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternationalHardnessD 1646 Test Methods for RubberViscosity, Stress Relax-ation, and Pre-Vulcanization Characteristics (Mooney Vis-cometer)D 1765 Classification System

8、 for Carbon Blacks Used inRubber ProductsD 3053 Terminology Relating to Carbon BlackD 5992 Guide for Dynamic Testing of Vulcanized Rubberand Rubber-Like Materials Using Vibratory MethodsD 6085 Practice for Sampling in Rubber TestingTerminology and Basic ConceptsE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of

9、Mechanical Test-ingE20 Practice for Particle Size Analysis of Particulate Sub-stances in the Range of 0.2 to 75 UM by Optical Micros-copy3E28 Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derivedfrom Naval Stores by Ring-and-Ball ApparatusE 111 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Tangent Modulus,and Chord

10、ModulusE 126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verifi-cation of ASTM Hydrometers2.2 ISO Standards:41382-82 Rubber-Vocabulary Second Edition (Addendum16-18-1998)3. Terminologyabrasion, nsurface loss of a material due to frictional forces.abrasion resistance index, nmeasure of the abrasion

11、resis-tance of a rubber relative to that of a standard rubber underthe same specified conditions, expressed as a percentage.accelerated life test, ntest method designed to approximatein a short time, the deteriorating effect of normal long-termservice conditions.accelerator, delayed action, nacceler

12、ator that, in conjunc-tion with other curing agent(s), produces, at vulcanizingtemperatures, a period of no significant cross-linking, fol-lowed by a period of rapid cross-link formation.accelerator (rubber), ncompounding material used in smallamounts with a vulcanizing agent to increase the speed o

13、fvulcanization.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubberand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.08 on Terminology.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 1566 0

14、8.The boldface designations refer to the original source of the definition and theASTM technical committee having jurisdiction.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information

15、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA

16、 19428-2959, United States.DISCUSSIONProperties of a vulcanizate are changed by the type oramount of accelerator used.activator, ncompounding material used in small proportionsto increase the effectiveness of an accelerator.adhesion, ncondition in which surfaces are held together bychemical or physi

17、cal forces or both.adhesion failure, nloss of structural integrity due to theseparation of two bonded surfaces at the bond interface.adhesion value, nforce required to cause adhesion failure.DISCUSSIONAny separation occurring at any other point, for ex-ample, inside either component under test, is a

18、 failure of the componentmaterial, and such separation should not be considered as indicatingadhesion strength.adhesive failure, nseparation of two bonded surfaces thatoccurs within the bonding material.DISCUSSIONAdhesive failure occurs when the adhesive strength ofa bonding material is greater than

19、 its cohesive strength.aftercure, ncontinuation of the process of vulcanizationafter the energy source has been removed.age resistance, nability of a material to resist deteriorationcaused by ageing.agglomerate, compounding material, ncluster of particlesof one or more compounding materials loosely

20、held together.agglomerate, latex, ncluster of rubber particles in a colloi-dal aqueous suspension of such particles.agglomerates, nclusters of particles of compounding mate-rials contained in a continuous rubber phase.agglomeration (latex), nreversible or irreversible joiningtogether of latex partic

21、les.ageing (act of), nexposure of materials to a deterioratingenvironment for a specified time interval.ageing (rubber), nirreversible change of material propertiesduring exposure to a deteriorating environment, for a speci-fied time interval.ageing, accelerated, nexposure of rubber to a test enviro

22、n-ment with the intent of producing, in a shorter time period,effects similar to normal ageing.ageing, air bomb, nprocess of exposing materials to theaction of air at an elevated temperature and pressure.ageing, air oven, nprocess of exposing materials to theaction of air at an elevated temperature

23、at atmosphericpressure.ageing, natural, nageing under normal service conditions.ageing, oxygen bomb, nprocess of exposing materials to theaction of oxygen at an elevated temperature and pressure.ageing, shelf, nageing during storage.alloy, nunique composition of two or more polymers that hasone or m

24、ore of the polymers treated or processed in a specialway to confer enhanced performance characteristics on theresulting material.anticoagulant (natural rubber latex), nsubstance added tofield latex from Havea brasiliensis or to guayule latex toretard bacterial action which would otherwise cause rapi

25、dcoagulation of the latex.DISCUSSIONThe word “stabilizer” is often used in place of “antico-agulant” in latex terminology.antidegradant, ncompounding material used to retard dete-rioration caused by oxidation, ozone, light, and combina-tions of these.DISCUSSION“Antidegradant” is a generic term for s

26、uch additives asantioxidants, antiozonants, and waxes.antiflex cracking agent, ncompounding material used toretard cracking caused by cyclic deformations.antifoaming agent, nagent that inhibits bubble formation inan agitated liquid, usually by reducing the surface tension.antioxidant, ncompounding m

27、aterial used to retard deterio-ration caused by oxidation.antiozonant, ncompounding material used to retard deterio-ration caused by ozone.antistatic agent, nmaterial which reduces the tendency foraccumulation of electric charge on the surface of an article.apparent density, nSee density, bulk, the

28、preferred term.aromatic oil, nhydrocarbon process oil containing at least35 %, by mass, of aromatic hydrocarbons.ash, nresidue from incineration of a material under specifiedconditions.autoclave (rubber), npressure vessel used for vulcanizingrubber products by means of steam under pressure.backrindi

29、ng, nmolding defect in which the rubber adjacentto the spew line shrinks below the surface of the moldedproduct, with the spew line often being ragged and torn.bag cure, nmethod of vulcanization in which an inflatedflexible bag is used to impart positive internal pressure onthe article being vulcani

30、zed.balata, nhard thermoplastic consisting of approximatelyequal proportions of trans-polyisoprene and resin, obtainedfrom trees of the Sapotaceae family.bale coating, ncoating applied to surfaces of rubber balesthat inhibits adhesion to other surfaces.ball mill, nclosed rotating cylinder containing

31、 hard balls (orother shaped members) that serves to grind coarse materialsto a finer particle size.bank (mill, calender, or spreader), nreservoir of material atthe opening between rolls (mill or calender), or at thespreader bar.batch, nproduct of one mixing operation.bench marks, ntwo marks of known

32、 separation applied to aspecimen to measure the strain of the specimen duringextension.blank, nportion of a rubber compound of suitable volume tofill the cavity of a mold.bleeding, nexuding of a liquid compounding material fromthe surface of a vulcanized or unvulcanized rubber.blister(s), nsurface o

33、r internal imperfection(s), produced byentrapped gases or other volatiles, during the manufacture ofrubber articles.bloom (rubber), nliquid or solid material that has migratedto the surface of a rubber and generally changes the surfaceappearance.blow, nvolume expansion that occurs during the product

34、ionof cellular or sponge rubber.D 1566 08a2blowing agent, ncompounding material used to produce gasby chemical or physical action, or both, in the manufactureof hollow or cellular articles.booster, nsynonym for secondary accelerator, which is thepreferred term.bound monomer, nmonomer that is combine

35、d or reactedwith itself or other types of monomers in a polymerizationreaction to form a polymer.DISCUSSIONThis term is used in synthetic rubber production, andthe bound monomer is normally expressed as a percentage of totalpolymer.bound rubber, nnonvulcanized polymer attached to a fillerthrough any

36、 combination of absorption, chemisxorption,physical entrapment, or crosslinking of free molecules; thepolymer-filler combination is insoluble in solvents thatnormally dissolve the polymer.branched polymer, npolymer that has side chains of thesame monomer composition as the main chain attached atpoin

37、ts along the main chain.buffing rubber, nparticulate rubber produced as a byproductof the buffing operation in the carcass preparation stage of atire retreading; characterized by a wide range of particlesizes that are predominately elongated or acicular in shape.See particulate rubber.DISCUSSIONThe

38、appearance of the unique shape of the particles ofthis material is only apparent in finished goods or products that containparticles having a dimension greater in size than 600 m (30 mesh).bulk density, nmass per unit volume of a material, includingany voids present.bumping, molding process, napplic

39、ation, release, and re-application of pressure prior to the start of vulcanization tovent entrapped gases, thereby facilitating complete filling ofthe mold.calender, nmachine with two or more parallel, counter-rotating rolls with a controllable, roll-to-roll spacing, rotat-ing at selected surface sp

40、eeds and controlled temperatures,used for sheeting, laminating, skim coating (topping) andfriction coating, to a controlled thickness and/or surfacecondition.carbon black, nmaterial consisting essentially of elementalcarbon in the form of near-spherical colloidal particles andcoalesced particle aggr

41、egates of colloidal size, obtained bypartial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocar-bons. D 3053carbon black, thermal, ntype of carbon black producedunder controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated

42、with an “N” first characterand a second character of “8 or 9” in Table 1 of Classification D 1765.D 3053carbon black, thermal, acetylenic, nthermal black pro-duced from acetylene gas D 3053carbon gel (carbon-rubber-gel), nportion of rubber that isnot leached by a solvent under specified conditions,

43、from anintimate mixture of carbon black and unvulcanized rubber.carcass, nfabric, cord, or metal reinforced section, or allthree, of a rubber product as distinguished from the rubbertube, cover, or tread.cell, nsingle small cavity surrounded partially or completelyby walls.cell, closed, ncell totall

44、y enclosed by its walls, hence notinterconnecting with other cells.cell, open, ncell not totally enclosed by its walls and henceinterconnecting with other cells.cellular material, ngeneric term for materials containingmany cells (either open, closed, or both) dispersed through-out the mass.cellular

45、material, collapse, nundesirable densification of acellular material resulting from the breakdown of its cellularstructure.cellular material, cored, ncellular material containing amultiplicity of holes (usually, but not necessarily, cylindricalin shape), molded or cut into the material in some patte

46、rnnormally perpendicular to the largest surface, and extendingpart or all the way through the piece.cellular material, flexible, ncellular organic polymericmaterial that will not rupture when a specimen 200 by 25 by25 mm (8 by 1 by 1 in.) is bent around a 25-mm (1-in.)diameter mandrel at a uniform r

47、ate of one lap in5satatemperature between 18 and 29C.cellular rubber, nrubber products containing cells or hollowreceptacles which may be open, interconnecting, or closedand not interconnecting.cellular striation, ncondition characterized by a layerwithin a cellular material that differs greatly fro

48、m thecharacteristic cell structure.cement, rubber, nadhesive that is either a liquid dispersionor solution of raw or compounded rubber, or both.centrifuged rubber latex, nlatex, the rubber concentrationof which has been increased by the removal of water bycentrifugal force.chalking (rubber), nformat

49、ion of a powdery residue on thesurface of a rubber, commonly resulting from surfacedegradation.D 1566 08a3chatter marks, ndefect on calendered sheeting consisting oftransverse narrow bands of alternately thicker and thinnermaterial.coagent, ncompounding ingredient used in small amounts toincrease the crosslinking efficiency of certain non-sulfurvulcanizing systems, or to modify the properties given bysuch systems.DISCUSSIONThe term is usually identified with additives used tomodify vulc