1、Designation: D 1586 99Standard Test Method forPenetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1586; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the procedure, genera
3、llyknown as the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), for driving asplit-barrel sampler to obtain a representative soil sample anda measure of the resistance of the soil to penetration of thesampler.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use.
4、It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specificprecautionary statement, see 5.4.1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the stan
5、dard.NOTE 1Practice D 6066 can be used when testing loose sands belowthe water table for liquefaction studies or when a higher level of care isrequired when drilling these soils. This practice provides information ondrilling methods, equipment variables, energy corrections, and blow-countnormalizati
6、on.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)2D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)2D 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamples2D 46
7、33 Test Method for Stress Wave Energy Measurementfor Dynamic Penetrometer Testing Systems2D 6066 Practice for Determining the Normalized Penetra-tion Resistance Testing of Sands for Evaluation of Lique-faction Potential33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 anvilthat
8、 portion of the drive-weight assemblywhich the hammer strikes and through which the hammerenergy passes into the drill rods.3.1.2 catheadthe rotating drum or windlass in the rope-cathead lift system around which the operator wraps a rope tolift and drop the hammer by successively tightening andloose
9、ning the rope turns around the drum.3.1.3 drill rodsrods used to transmit downward force andtorque to the drill bit while drilling a borehole.3.1.4 drive-weight assemblya device consisting of thehammer, hammer fall guide, the anvil, and any hammer dropsystem.3.1.5 hammerthat portion of the drive-wei
10、ght assemblyconsisting of the 140 6 2 lb (63.5 6 1 kg) impact weightwhich is successively lifted and dropped to provide the energythat accomplishes the sampling and penetration.3.1.6 hammer drop systemthat portion of the drive-weightassembly by which the operator accomplishes the lifting anddropping
11、 of the hammer to produce the blow.3.1.7 hammer fall guidethat part of the drive-weightassembly used to guide the fall of the hammer.3.1.8 N-valuethe blowcount representation of the penetra-tion resistance of the soil. The N-value, reported in blows perfoot, equals the sum of the number of blows req
12、uired to drivethe sampler over the depth interval of 6 to 18 in. (150 to 450mm) (see 7.3).3.1.9 DNthe number of blows obtained from each of the6-in. (150-mm) intervals of sampler penetration (see 7.3).3.1.10 number of rope turnsthe total contact angle be-tween the rope and the cathead at the beginni
13、ng of theoperators rope slackening to drop the hammer, divided by360 (see Fig. 1).3.1.11 sampling rodsrods that connect the drive-weightassembly to the sampler. Drill rods are often used for thispurpose.3.1.12 SPTabbreviation for standard penetration test, aterm by which engineers commonly refer to
14、this method.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides a soil sample for identifica-tion purposes and for laboratory tests appropriate for soilobtained from a sampler that may produce large shear straindisturbance in the sample.1This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 o
15、n Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1999. Published March 1999. Originallypublished as D 1586 58 T. Last previous edition D 1586 98.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08
16、.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 This test method is used extensively in a great variety ofgeotechnical e
17、xploration projects. Many local correlations andwidely published correlations which relate SPT blowcount, orN-value, and the engineering behavior of earthworks andfoundations are available.5. Apparatus5.1 Drilling EquipmentAny drilling equipment that pro-vides at the time of sampling a suitably clea
18、n open hole beforeinsertion of the sampler and ensures that the penetration test isperformed on undisturbed soil shall be acceptable. The follow-ing pieces of equipment have proven to be suitable foradvancing a borehole in some subsurface conditions.5.1.1 Drag, Chopping, and Fishtail Bits, less than
19、 6.5 in.(162 mm) and greater than 2.2 in. (56 mm) in diameter may beused in conjuction with open-hole rotary drilling or casing-advancement drilling methods. To avoid disturbance of theunderlying soil, bottom discharge bits are not permitted; onlyside discharge bits are permitted.5.1.2 Roller-Cone B
20、its, less than 6.5 in. (162 mm) andgreater than 2.2 in. (56 mm) in diameter may be used inconjunction with open-hole rotary drilling or casing-advancement drilling methods if the drilling fluid discharge isdeflected.5.1.3 Hollow-Stem Continuous Flight Augers, with or with-out a center bit assembly,
21、may be used to drill the boring. Theinside diameter of the hollow-stem augers shall be less than 6.5in. (162 mm) and greater than 2.2 in. (56 mm).5.1.4 Solid, Continuous Flight, Bucket and Hand Augers,less than 6.5 in. (162 mm) and greater than 2.2 in. (56 mm) indiameter may be used if the soil on t
22、he side of the boring doesnot cave onto the sampler or sampling rods during sampling.5.2 Sampling RodsFlush-joint steel drill rods shall beused to connect the split-barrel sampler to the drive-weightassembly. The sampling rod shall have a stiffness (moment ofinertia) equal to or greater than that of
23、 parallel wall “A” rod (asteel rod which has an outside diameter of 158 in. (41.2 mm)and an inside diameter of 118 in. (28.5 mm).NOTE 2Recent research and comparative testing indicates the typerod used, with stiffness ranging from “A” size rod to “N” size rod, willusually have a negligible effect on
24、 the N-values to depths of at least 100ft (30 m).5.3 Split-Barrel SamplerThe sampler shall be constructedwith the dimensions indicated in Fig. 2. The driving shoe shallbe of hardened steel and shall be replaced or repaired when itbecomes dented or distorted. The use of liners to produce aconstant in
25、side diameter of 138 in. (35 mm) is permitted, butshall be noted on the penetration record if used. The use of asample retainer basket is permitted, and should also be notedon the penetration record if used.NOTE 3Both theory and available test data suggest that N-values mayincrease between 10 to 30
26、% when liners are used.5.4 Drive-Weight Assembly:5.4.1 Hammer and AnvilThe hammer shall weigh 140 62 lb (63.5 6 1 kg) and shall be a solid rigid metallic mass. The(a) counterclockwise rotationapproximately 134 turns(b) clockwise rotationapproximately 214 turnsFIG. 1 Definitions of the Number of Rope
27、 Turns and the Angle for (a) Counterclockwise Rotation and (b) Clockwise Rotation of theCatheadD1586992hammer shall strike the anvil and make steel on steel contactwhen it is dropped. A hammer fall guide permitting a free fallshall be used. Hammers used with the cathead and rope methodshall have an
28、unimpeded overlift capacity of at least 4 in. (100mm). For safety reasons, the use of a hammer assembly with aninternal anvil is encouraged.NOTE 4It is suggested that the hammer fall guide be permanentlymarked to enable the operator or inspector to judge the hammer dropheight.5.4.2 Hammer Drop Syste
29、mRope-cathead, trip, semi-automatic, or automatic hammer drop systems may be used,providing the lifting apparatus will not cause penetration of thesampler while re-engaging and lifting the hammer.5.5 Accessory EquipmentAccessories such as labels,sample containers, data sheets, and groundwater level
30、measur-ing devices shall be provided in accordance with the require-ments of the project and other ASTM standards.6. Drilling Procedure6.1 The boring shall be advanced incrementally to permitintermittent or continuous sampling. Test intervals and loca-tions are normally stipulated by the project eng
31、ineer orgeologist. Typically, the intervals selected are 5 ft (1.5 mm) orless in homogeneous strata with test and sampling locations atevery change of strata.6.2 Any drilling procedure that provides a suitably cleanand stable hole before insertion of the sampler and assures thatthe penetration test
32、is performed on essentially undisturbed soilshall be acceptable. Each of the following procedures haveproven to be acceptable for some subsurface conditions. Thesubsurface conditions anticipated should be considered whenselecting the drilling method to be used.6.2.1 Open-hole rotary drilling method.
33、6.2.2 Continuous flight hollow-stem auger method.6.2.3 Wash boring method.6.2.4 Continuous flight solid auger method.6.3 Several drilling methods produce unacceptable borings.The process of jetting through an open tube sampler and thensampling when the desired depth is reached shall not bepermitted.
34、 The continuous flight solid auger method shall notbe used for advancing the boring below a water table or belowthe upper confining bed of a confined non-cohesive stratumthat is under artesian pressure. Casing may not be advancedbelow the sampling elevation prior to sampling. Advancing aboring with
35、bottom discharge bits is not permissible. It is notpermissible to advance the boring for subsequent insertion ofthe sampler solely by means of previous sampling with the SPTsampler.6.4 The drilling fluid level within the boring or hollow-stemaugers shall be maintained at or above the in situ groundw
36、aterlevel at all times during drilling, removal of drill rods, andsampling.7. Sampling and Testing Procedure7.1 After the boring has been advanced to the desiredsampling elevation and excessive cuttings have been removed,prepare for the test with the following sequence of operations.A = 1.0to2.0in.(
37、25to50mm)B = 18.0 to 30.0 in. (0.457 to 0.762 m)C=1.3756 0.005 in. (34.93 6 0.13 mm)D=1.506 0.05 0.00 in. (38.1 6 1.3 0.0 mm)E=0.106 0.02 in. (2.54 6 0.25 mm)F=2.006 0.05 0.00 in. (50.8 6 1.3 0.0 mm)G = 16.0 to 23.0The 112 in. (38 mm) inside diameter split barrel may be used with a 16-gage wall thic
38、kness split liner. The penetrating end of the drive shoe may be slightly rounded.Metal or plastic retainers may be used to retain soil samples.FIG. 2 Split-Barrel SamplerD15869937.1.1 Attach the split-barrel sampler to the sampling rodsand lower into the borehole. Do not allow the sampler to dropont
39、o the soil to be sampled.7.1.2 Position the hammer above and attach the anvil to thetop of the sampling rods. This may be done before the samplingrods and sampler are lowered into the borehole.7.1.3 Rest the dead weight of the sampler, rods, anvil, anddrive weight on the bottom of the boring and app
40、ly a seatingblow. If excessive cuttings are encountered at the bottom of theboring, remove the sampler and sampling rods from the boringand remove the cuttings.7.1.4 Mark the drill rods in three successive 6-in. (0.15-m)increments so that the advance of the sampler under the impactof the hammer can
41、be easily observed for each 6-in. (0.15-m)increment.7.2 Drive the sampler with blows from the 140-lb (63.5-kg)hammer and count the number of blows applied in each 6-in.(0.15-m) increment until one of the following occurs:7.2.1 A total of 50 blows have been applied during any oneof the three 6-in. (0
42、.15-m) increments described in 7.1.4.7.2.2 A total of 100 blows have been applied.7.2.3 There is no observed advance of the sampler duringthe application of 10 successive blows of the hammer.7.2.4 The sampler is advanced the complete 18 in. (0.45 m)without the limiting blow counts occurring as descr
43、ibed in7.2.1, 7.2.2,or7.2.3.7.3 Record the number of blows required to effect each 6 in.(0.15 m) of penetration or fraction thereof. The first 6 in. isconsidered to be a seating drive. The sum of the number ofblows required for the second and third 6 in. of penetration istermed the “standard penetra
44、tion resistance,” or the “N-value.”If the sampler is driven less than 18 in. (0.45 m), as permittedin 7.2.1, 7.2.2,or7.2.3, the number of blows per each complete6-in. (0.15-m) increment and per each partial increment shallbe recorded on the boring log. For partial increments, the depthof penetration
45、 shall be reported to the nearest 1 in. (25 mm), inaddition to the number of blows. If the sampler advances belowthe bottom of the boring under the static weight of the drill rodsor the weight of the drill rods plus the static weight of thehammer, this information should be noted on the boring log.7
46、.4 The raising and dropping of the 140-lb (63.5-kg) ham-mer shall be accomplished using either of the following twomethods:7.4.1 By using a trip, automatic, or semi-automatic hammerdrop system which lifts the 140-lb (63.5-kg) hammer andallows it to drop 30 6 1.0 in. (0.76 m 6 25 mm) unimpeded.7.4.2
47、By using a cathead to pull a rope attached to thehammer. When the cathead and rope method is used the systemand operation shall conform to the following:7.4.2.1 The cathead shall be essentially free of rust, oil, orgrease and have a diameter in the range of 6 to 10 in. (150 to250 mm).7.4.2.2 The cat
48、head should be operated at a minimum speedof rotation of 100 RPM, or the approximate speed of rotationshall be reported on the boring log.7.4.2.3 No more than 214 rope turns on the cathead may beused during the performance of the penetration test, as shownin Fig. 1.NOTE 5The operator should generall
49、y use either 134 or 214 ropeturns, depending upon whether or not the rope comes off the top (134turns) or the bottom (214 turns) of the cathead. It is generally known andaccepted that 234 or more rope turns considerably impedes the fall of thehammer and should not be used to perform the test. The cathead ropeshould be maintained in a relatively dry, clean, and unfrayed condition.7.4.2.4 For each hammer blow, a 30-in. (0.76-m) lift anddrop shall be employed by the operator. The operation ofpulling and throwing the rope shall be performed
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