1、Designation: D 1587 00 (Reapproved 2007)e1Standard Practice forThin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for GeotechnicalPurposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1587; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made in
3、 June 2007.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers a procedure for using a thin-walledmetal tube to recover relatively undisturbed soil samplessuitable for laboratory tests of engineering properties, such asstrength, compressibility, permeability, and density. Thin-walled tubes used in piston, plug, or ro
4、tary-type samplersshould comply with Section 6.3 of this practice which de-scribes the thin-walled tubes.NOTE 1This practice does not apply to liners used within thesamplers.1.2 This Practice is limited to soils that can be penetrated bythe thin-walled tube. This sampling method is not recom-mended
5、for sampling soils containing gravel or larger size soilparticles cemented or very hard soils. Other soil samplers maybe used for sampling these soil types. Such samplers includedriven split barrel samplers and soil coring devices (D 1586,D 3550, and D 6151). For information on appropriate use ofoth
6、er soil samplers refer to D 6169.1.3 This practice is often used in conjunction with fluidrotary drilling (D 1452, D 5783) or hollow-stem augers(D 6151). Subsurface geotechnical explorations should bereported in accordance with practice (D 5434). This practicediscusses some aspects of sample preserv
7、ation after the sam-pling event. For information on preservation and transportationprocess of soil samples, consult Practice D 4220. This practicedoes not address environmental sampling; consult D 6169 andD 6232for information on sampling for environmental investi-gations.1.4 The values stated in in
8、ch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI values given in parentheses areprovided for information purposes only. The tubing tolerancespresented in Table 1 are from sources available in NorthAmerica. Use of metric equivalent is acceptable as long asthickness and proportions are similar
9、 to those required in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limit
10、ations prior to use.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. T
11、his ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only th
12、at the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampl
13、ing of SoilsD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock1This practice
14、 is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedin 1958. Last previous edition approved in
15、2003 as D 1587 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at t
16、he end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.as Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tio
17、ns of Soil and RockD 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD 6169 Guid
18、e for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Data Collection Activities3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, refe
19、rto Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 inside clearance ratio, %, nthe ratio of the differ-ence in the inside diameter of the tube, Di, minus the insidediameter of the cutting edge, De, to the inside diameter of thetube, Diexpressed as a percentage (see Fig. 1
20、).3.2.2 ovality, nthe cross section of the tube that deviatesfrom a perfect circle.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A relatively undisturbed sample is obtained by pressinga thin-walled metal tube into the in-situ soil at the bottom of aboring, removing the soil-filled tube, and applying seals to thesoil su
21、rfaces to prevent soil movement and moisture gain orloss.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice, or Practice D 3550 with thin wall shoe, isused when it is necessary to obtain a relatively undisturbedspecimen suitable for laboratory tests of engineering propertiesor other tests that might be influe
22、nced by soil disturbance.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand
23、 objective sampling. Users of this practice. are cautioned that compli-ance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides ameans of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Drilling EquipmentWhen sampling in
24、a boring, anydrilling equipment may be used that provides a reasonablyTABLE 1 Dimensional Tolerances for Thin-Walled TubesNominal Tube Diameters from Table 2ATolerancesSize OutsideDiameter2in.50.8mm3in.76.2mm5in.127mmOutside diameter, Do+0.007 +0.179 +0.010 +0.254 +0.015 0.381-0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0
25、.000 -0.000 -0.000Inside diameter, Di+0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000-0.007 -0.179 -0.010 -0.254 -0.015 -0.381Wall thickness 60.007 60.179 60.010 60.254 60.015 60.381Ovality 0.015 0.381 0.020 0.508 0.030 0.762Straightness 0.030/ft 2.50/m 0.030/ft 2.50/m 0.030/ft 2.50/mAIntermediate or large
26、r diameters should be proportional. Specify only two ofthe first three tolerances; that is, Doand Di,orDoand Wall thickness, or Diand Wallthickness.NOTE 1Minimum of two mounting holes on opposite sides for Dosmaller than 4 in. (101.6 mm).NOTE 2Minimum of four mounting holes equally spaced for Do4 in
27、. (101.6 mm) and larger.NOTE 3Tube held with hardened screws or other suitable means.NOTE 42-in (50.8 mm) outside-diameter tubes are specified with an 18-gage wall thickness to comply with area ratio criteria accepted for“undisturbed samples.” Users are advised that such tubing is difficult to locat
28、e and can be extremely expensive in small quantities. Sixteen-gage tubesare generally readily available.Metric Equivalent Conversionsin. mm38 9.5312 12.71 25.42 50.83 76.24 101.65 127FIG. 1 Thin-Walled Tube for SamplingD 1587 00 (2007)e12clean hole; that minimizes disturbance of the soil to besample
29、d; and that does not hinder the penetration of thethin-walled sampler. Open borehole diameter and the insidediameter of driven casing or hollow stem auger shall notexceed 3.5 times the outside diameter of the thin-walled tube.6.2 Sampler Insertion Equipment, shall be adequate toprovide a relatively
30、rapid continuous penetration force. Forhard formations it may be necessary, although not recom-mended, to drive the thin-walled tube sampler.6.3 Thin-Walled Tubes, should be manufactured to thedimensions as shown in Fig. 1. They should have an outsidediameter of 2 to 5 in. (50 to 130 mm) and be made
31、 of metalhaving adequate strength for the type of soil to be sampled.Tubes shall be clean and free of all surface irregularitiesincluding projecting weld seams. Other diameters may be usedbut the tube dimensions should be proportional to the tubedesigns presented here.6.3.1 Length of TubesSee Table
32、2 and 7.4.1.6.3.2 Tolerances, shall be within the limits shown in Table1.6.3.3 Inside Clearance Ratio, should be not greater than1 % unless specified otherwise for the type of soil to besampled. Generally, the inside clearance ratio used shouldincrease with the increase in plasticity of the soil bei
33、ngsampled, except for sensitive soils or where local experienceindicates otherwise. See 3.2.1 and Fig. 1 for definition of insideclearance ratio.6.3.4 Corrosion ProtectionCorrosion, whether from gal-vanic or chemical reaction, can damage or destroy both thethin-walled tube and the sample. Severity o
34、f damage is afunction of time as well as interaction between the sample andthe tube. Thin-walled tubes should have some form of protec-tive coating, unless the soil is to be extruded less than 3 days.The type of coating to be used may vary depending upon thematerial to be sampled. Plating of the tub
35、es or alternate basemetals may be specified. Galvanized tubes are often used whenlong term storage is required. Coatings may include a light coatof lubricating oil, lacquer, epoxy, Teflon, zinc oxide, andothers.NOTE 3Most coating materials are not resistant to scratching by soilsthat contain sands.
36、Consideration should be given for prompt testing of thesample because chemical reactions between the metal and the soil samplecon occur with time.6.4 Sampler Head, serves to couple the thin-walled tube tothe insertion equipment and, together with the thin-walled tube,comprises the thin-walled tube s
37、ampler. The sampler head shallcontain a venting area and suitable check valve with theventing area to the outside equal to or greater than the areathrough the check valve. In some special cases, a check valvemay not be required but venting is required to avoid samplecompression. Attachment of the he
38、ad to the tube shall beconcentric and coaxial to assure uniform application of force tothe tube by the sampler insertion equipment.7. Procedure7.1 Remove loose material from the center of a casing orhollow stem auger as carefully as possible to avoid disturbanceof the material to be sampled. If grou
39、ndwater is encountered,maintain the liquid level in the borehole at or above groundwater level during the drilling and sampling operation.7.2 Bottom discharge bits are not permitted. Side dischargebits may be used, with caution. Jetting through an open-tubesampler to clean out the borehole to sampli
40、ng elevation is notpermitted.NOTE 4Roller bits are available in downward-jetting and diffused-jetconfigurations. Downward-jetting configuration rock bits are not accept-able. Diffuse-jet configurations are generally acceptable.7.3 Lower the sampling apparatus so that the sample tubesbottom rests on
41、the bottom of the hole and record depth to thebottom of the sample tube to the nearest 0.1-ft (.03 m)7.3.1 Keep the sampling apparatus plumb during lowering,thereby preventing the cutting edge of the tube from scrapingthe wall of the borehole.7.4 Advance the sampler without rotation by a continuousr
42、elatively rapid downward motion and record length of ad-vancement to the nearest 1 in. (25 mm).7.4.1 Determine the length of advance by the resistance andcondition of the soil formation, but the length shall neverexceed 5 to 10 diameters of the tube in sands and 10 to 15diameters of the tube in clay
43、s. In no case shall a length ofadvance be greater than the sample-tube length minus anallowance for the sampler head and a minimum of 3-in. (75mm) for sludge and end cuttings.NOTE 5The mass of sample, laboratory handling capabilities, trans-portation problems, and commercial availability of tubes wi
44、ll generallylimit maximum practical lengths to those shown in Table 2.7.5 When the soil formation is too hard for push-typeinsertion, the tube may be driven or Practice D 3550 may beused. If driving methods are used, the data regarding weightand fall of the hammer and penetration achieved must besho
45、wn in the report. Additionally, that tube must be promi-nently labeled a “driven sample.”7.6 Withdraw the sampler from the soil formation as care-fully as possible in order to minimize disturbance of thesample. The tube can be slowly rotated to shear the material atthe end of the tube, and to reliev
46、e water and/or suctionpressures and improve recovery. Where the soil formation issoft, a delay before withdraw of the sampler (typically 5 to 30minutes) may improve sample recovery.8. Sample Measurement, Sealing and Labeling8.1 Upon removal of the tube, remove the drill cuttings inthe upper end of t
47、he tube and measure the length of the soilTABLE 2 Suitable Thin-Walled Steel Sample TubesAOutside diameter (Do):in.mm250.8376.25127Wall thickness:Bwg 18 16 11in. 0.049 0.065 0.120mm 1.24 1.65 3.05Tube length:in.m360.91360.91541.45Inside clearance ratio, % 1 1 1AThe three diameters recommended in Tab
48、le 2 are indicated for purposes ofstandardization, and are not intended to indicate that sampling tubes of interme-diate or larger diameters are not acceptable. Lengths of tubes shown areillustrative. Proper lengths to be determined as suited to field conditions.D 1587 00 (2007)e13sample recovered t
49、o the nearest 0.25 in. (5 mm) in the tube.Seal the upper end of the tube. Remove at least 1 in. (25 mm)of material from the lower end of the tube. Use this material forsoil description in accordance with Practice D 2488. Measurethe overall sample length. Seal the lower end of the tube.Alternatively, after measurement, the tube may be sealedwithout removal of soil from the ends of the tube.8.1.1 Tubes sealed over the ends, as opposed to those sealedwith expanding packers, should be provided with spacers orappropriate packing materials, or both prior to sealing the
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