1、Designation: D1587 08 (Reapproved 2012)1Standard Practice forThin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for GeotechnicalPurposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1587; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEEditorial changes were made through
3、out in May 2012.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a procedure for using a thin-walledmetal tube to recover relatively intact soil samples suitable forlaboratory tests of engineering properties, such as strength,compressibility, permeability, and density. Thin-walled tubesused in piston, plug, or rota
4、ry-type samplers should complywith Section 6.3 of this practice which describes the thin-walled tubes.NOTE 1This practice does not apply to liners used within thesamplers.1.2 This practice is limited to soils that can be penetrated bythe thin-walled tube. This sampling method is not recom-mended for
5、 sampling soils containing gravel or larger size soilparticles, cemented, or very hard soils. Other soil samplers maybe used for sampling these soil types. Such samplers includedriven split barrel samplers and soil coring devices (D1586,D3550, and D6151). For information on appropriate use ofother s
6、oil samplers refer to D6169.1.3 This practice is often used in conjunction with fluidrotary drilling (D1452, D5783) or hollow-stem augers(D6151). Subsurface geotechnical explorations should be re-ported in accordance with practice (D5434). This practicediscusses some aspects of sample preservation a
7、fter the sam-pling event. For information on preservation and transportationprocess of soil samples, consult Practice D4220. This practicedoes not address environmental sampling; consult D6169 andD6232 for information on sampling for environmental inves-tigations.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound
8、units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4.1 The tubing tolerances presented in Table 1 are fromsources available in NorthAmerica. Use of metric equivalent isac
9、ceptable as long as thickness and proportions are similar tothose required in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pract
10、ices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects
11、of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The w
12、ord “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD1586 Te
13、st Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies1This practice
14、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved May 15, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved
15、 in 2008 as D1587 08. DOI:10.1520/D1587-08R12E1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of
16、 Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4220 Practices for Preserving and
17、Transporting SoilSamplesD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explorationand the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitor-ing DevicesD6151 Practice for Using H
18、ollow-StemAugers for Geotech-nical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Data CollectionActivities3. Terminology3.1
19、Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 inside clearance ratio, %, nthe ratio of the differ-ence in the inside diameter of the tube, Di, minus the insidediameter of the cutting edge, De, to
20、the inside diameter of thetube, Diexpressed as a percentage (see Fig. 1).3.2.2 ovality, nthe cross section of the tube that deviatesfrom a perfect circle.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A relatively intact sample is obtained by pressing athin-walled metal tube into the in-situ soil at the bottom of aborin
21、g, removing the soil-filled tube, and applying seals to thesoil surfaces to prevent soil movement and moisture gain orloss.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice, or Practice D3550 with thin wall shoe, isused when it is necessary to obtain a relatively intact specimensuitable for laboratory tests
22、of engineering properties or othertests that might be influenced by soil disturbance.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Prac
23、tice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective sampling. Users of this practice. are cautioned that compli-ance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means ofevaluating some of those fa
24、ctors.6. Apparatus6.1 Drilling EquipmentWhen sampling in a boring, anydrilling equipment may be used that provides a reasonablyTABLE 1 Dimensional Tolerances for Thin-Walled TubesNominal Tube Diameters from Table 2ATolerancesSize OutsideDiameter2in.50.8mm3in.76.2mm5in.127mmOutside diameter, Do+0.007
25、 +0.179 +0.010 +0.254 +0.015 0.381-0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000Inside diameter, Di+0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +0.000-0.007 -0.179 -0.010 -0.254 -0.015 -0.381Wall thickness 0.007 0.179 0.010 0.254 0.015 0.381Ovality 0.015 0.381 0.020 0.508 0.030 0.762Straightness 0.030/ft 2.50/m 0.
26、030/ft 2.50/m 0.030/ft 2.50/mAIntermediate or larger diameters should be proportional. Specify only two of thefirst three tolerances; that is, Doand Di,orDoand Wall thickness, or Diand Wallthickness.NOTE 1Minimum of two mounting holes on opposite sides for Dosmaller than 4 in. (101.6 mm).NOTE 2Minim
27、um of four mounting holes equally spaced for Do4 in. (101.6 mm) and larger.NOTE 3Tube held with hardened screws or other suitable means.NOTE 42-in (50.8 mm) outside-diameter tubes are specified with an 18-gauge wall thickness to comply with area ratio criteria accepted for “intactsamples.” Users are
28、 advised that such tubing is difficult to locate and can be extremely expensive in small quantities. Sixteen-gauge tubes are generallyreadily available.Metric Equivalent Conversionsin. mm38 9.5312 12.71 25.42 50.83 76.24 101.65 127FIG. 1 Thin-Walled Tube for SamplingD1587 08 (2012)12clean hole; that
29、 minimizes disturbance of the soil to besampled; and that does not hinder the penetration of thethin-walled sampler. Open borehole diameter and the insidediameter of driven casing or hollow stem auger shall notexceed 3.5 times the outside diameter of the thin-walled tube.6.2 Sampler Insertion Equipm
30、ent , shall be adequate toprovide a relatively rapid continuous penetration force. Forhard formations it may be necessary, although notrecommended, to drive the thin-walled tube sampler.6.3 Thin-Walled Tubes, should be manufactured to thedimensions as shown in Fig. 1. They should have an outsidediam
31、eter of 2 to 5 in. (50 to 130 mm) and be made of metalhaving adequate strength for the type of soil to be sampled.Tubes shall be clean and free of all surface irregularitiesincluding projecting weld seams. Other diameters may be usedbut the tube dimensions should be proportional to the tubedesigns p
32、resented here.6.3.1 Length of TubesSee Table 2 and 7.4.1.6.3.2 Tolerances, shall be within the limits shown in Table1.6.3.3 Inside Clearance Ratio, should be not greater than1 % unless specified otherwise for the type of soil to besampled. Generally, the inside clearance ratio used shouldincrease wi
33、th the increase in plasticity of the soil beingsampled, except for sensitive soils or where local experienceindicates otherwise. See 3.2.1 and Fig. 1 for definition of insideclearance ratio.6.3.4 Corrosion ProtectionCorrosion, whether from gal-vanic or chemical reaction, can damage or destroy both t
34、hethin-walled tube and the sample. Severity of damage is afunction of time as well as interaction between the sample andthe tube. Thin-walled tubes should have some form of protec-tive coating, unless the soil is to be extruded less than 3 days.The type of coating to be used may vary depending upon
35、thematerial to be sampled. Plating of the tubes or alternate basemetals may be specified. Galvanized tubes are often used whenlong term storage is required. Coatings may include a light coatof lubricating oil, lacquer, epoxy, zinc oxide, and others.NOTE 3Most coating materials are not resistant to s
36、cratching by soilsthat contain sands. Consideration should be given for prompt testing of thesample because chemical reactions between the metal and the soil samplecan occur with time.6.4 Sampler Head, serves to couple the thin-walled tube tothe insertion equipment and, together with the thin-walled
37、 tube,comprises the thin-walled tube sampler. The sampler head shallcontain a venting area and suitable check valve with theventing area to the outside equal to or greater than the areathrough the check valve. In some special cases, a check valvemay not be required but venting is required to avoid s
38、amplecompression. Attachment of the head to the tube shall beconcentric and coaxial to assure uniform application of force tothe tube by the sampler insertion equipment.7. Procedure7.1 Remove loose material from the center of a casing orhollow stem auger as carefully as possible to avoid disturbance
39、of the material to be sampled. If groundwater is encountered,maintain the liquid level in the borehole at or above ground-water level during the drilling and sampling operation.7.2 Bottom discharge bits are not permitted. Side dischargebits may be used, with caution. Jetting through an open-tubesamp
40、ler to clean out the borehole to sampling elevation is notpermitted.NOTE 4Roller bits are available in downward-jetting and diffused-jetconfigurations. Downward-jetting configuration rock bits are not accept-able. Diffuse-jet configurations are generally acceptable.7.3 Lower the sampling apparatus s
41、o that the sample tubesbottom rests on the bottom of the hole and record depth to thebottom of the sample tube to the nearest 0.1-ft (0.03 m).7.3.1 Keep the sampling apparatus plumb during lowering,thereby preventing the cutting edge of the tube from scrapingthe wall of the borehole.7.4 Advance the
42、sampler without rotation by a continuousrelatively rapid downward motion and record length of ad-vancement to the nearest 1 in. (25 mm).7.4.1 Determine the length of advance by the resistance andcondition of the soil formation, but the length shall neverexceed 5 to 10 diameters of the tube in sands
43、and 10 to 15diameters of the tube in clays. In no case shall a length ofadvance be greater than the sample-tube length minus anallowance for the sampler head and a minimum of 3 in. (76mm) for sludge and end cuttings.NOTE 5The mass of sample, laboratory handling capabilities, trans-portation problems
44、, and commercial availability of tubes will generallylimit maximum practical lengths to those shown in Table 2.7.5 When the soil formation is too hard for push-typeinsertion, the tube may be driven or Practice D3550 may beused. If driving methods are used, the data regarding weightand fall of the ha
45、mmer and penetration achieved must beshown in the report. Additionally, that tube must be promi-nently labeled a “driven sample.”7.6 Withdraw the sampler from the soil formation as care-fully as possible in order to minimize disturbance of thesample. The tube can be slowly rotated to shear the mater
46、ial atthe end of the tube, and to relieve water or suction pressures (orboth) and improve recovery. Where the soil formation is soft,a delay before withdraw of the sampler (typically 5 to 30minutes) may improve sample recovery.TABLE 2 Suitable Thin-Walled Steel Sample TubesAOutside diameter (Do):in.
47、mm250.8376.25127Wall thickness:Bwg 18 16 11in. 0.049 0.065 0.120mm 1.24 1.65 3.05Tube length:in.m360.91360.91541.45Inside clearance ratio, % 1 1 1AThe three diameters recommended in Table 2 are indicated for purposes ofstandardization, and are not intended to indicate that sampling tubes of interme-
48、diate or larger diameters are not acceptable. Lengths of tubes shown areillustrative. Proper lengths to be determined as suited to field conditions.D1587 08 (2012)138. Sample Measurement, Sealing and Labeling8.1 Upon removal of the tube, remove the drill cuttings inthe upper end of the tube and meas
49、ure the length of the soilsample recovered to the nearest 0.25 in. (6 mm) in the tube.Seal the upper end of the tube. Remove at least 1 in. (25 mm)of material from the lower end of the tube. Use this material forsoil description in accordance with Practice D2488. Measurethe overall sample length. Seal the lower end of the tube.Alternatively, after measurement, the tube may be sealedwithout removal of soil from the ends of the tube.8.1.1 Tubes sealed over the ends, as opposed to those sealedwith expanding packers, should be provided with spacers orappro
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