1、Designation: D1630 16Standard Test Method forRubber PropertyAbrasion Resistance (Footwear Abrader)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1630; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of
3、the resis-tance to abrasion of vulcanized rubber, or other rubber mate-rials that are similar to the standard reference compound, usedfor the soles and heels of footwear. It is not recommended formaterials less than 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) in thickness.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded a
4、sstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the ap
5、plica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1349 Practice for RubberStandard Conditions for Test-ingD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Bl
6、ack ManufacturingIndustries3. Significance and Use3.1 It is recognized that when comparing different types ofrubber materials, the service performance may not correlate tothe results of this predictive test.3.2 This test method should not be used as a measure ofabrasion resistance for compositions t
7、hat differ markedly fromthe standard reference compound. Misleading results, forexample, are obtained from polyurethane compositions whencompared with the standard reference compound.3.3 Some specimens may bounce (chatter) against the abra-sive paper, producing inaccurate results. These should beint
8、erpreted with care and the condition reported.3.4 If test results are inconsistent, the specimens should becut, after the test is run, and inspected for voids. If any voidsare present, the results should be disregarded and the testrepeated using test specimens that are free from voids.4. Test Condit
9、ions4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the standard temperature fortesting shall be 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F), or the standard testtemperature according to Practice D1349.4.2 Humidity affects the abrasive paper; therefore, therelative humidity shall be controlled at 50 6 5 % for at least24 h prior to and d
10、uring testing.4.3 The specimens shall be conditioned at this temperatureand humidity for no less than 24 h prior to testing.5. Apparatus5.1 Abrasion MachineThe footwear abrader, often re-ferred to as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) model, isshown in Fig. 1 and consists of the following compon
11、ents:5.1.1 Metal Drum, rubber-coated or metal-surfaced,150 mm (6 in.) in diameter. The drum is rotated at a rate of 5.76 0.6 rad/s (45 6 5 rpm) by means of an electric motor. Thenumber of revolutions of the drum is indicated by either adigital or analog counter.5.1.2 Arms, three, each pivoted at one
12、 end and having amass suspended from the other end. The mass is attached sothat a force of 22 N (5 lbf) is exerted directly on the specimenin contact with the abrasive paper.5.1.3 Thickness Gauges, three, either digital or analog andgraduated to indicate in increments of no more than 0.02 mm(0.001 i
13、n.), attached to a bridge so that each gauge contactseach arm at a point directly over the specimen. The bridge ishinged at one end to allow the arms to swing back for mountingthe specimen.5.1.4 Compressed Air, filtered to be free of moisture andcontaminants, for cleaning the surface of the abrasive
14、 paper.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubberand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.15 on Degradation Tests.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D1630 06 (2
15、012).DOI: 10.1520/D1630-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100
16、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1The air is delivered to a manifold or nozzle where the pressureshall be maintained at 210 6 35 kPa (30 6 5 psi).5.1.5 It is recommended to use a suitable suction or vacuumdevice to remove abraded particles during the tes
17、t.5.1.6 Arm Stop, one for each arm.5.1.7 Rubber Bands or Metal Clamps, for holding the stripof abrasive paper in position around the rotating drum. Theends of the abrasive paper are cut at an angle of about 80 tothe length of the paper and, when in place, permit a clearance(gap) of about 1.5 mm (0.0
18、63 in.) with no overlap.5.2 Abrasive PaperA controlled abrasive consisting of425 m 40 grit, No. 112 garnet paper 150 mm (6 in.) inwidth.3,4(WarningUse of abrasive paper different than thatrecommended will lead to incorrect results.)5.3 Alternative Abrasive PaperCorundum (aluminum ox-ide) of 40 grit,
19、 bonded to a carrier sheet of either paper or cloth,150 mm (6 in.) in width, and sufficient in length to fullyencircle the drum may be substituted for the paper described in5.2 provided that the alternative abrasive paper meets theAbrasion Index requirements specified in 7.1 (AI of 30 to 35).5.3.1 S
20、ince the abrasiveness of virgin abrasive sheets isusually higher than desired, it is necessary to blunt the sheetswith one or two test runs using a steel test piece in place of thebreak-in compound to bring it into the desired range. Thedirection of rotation used for blunting shall be marked on thes
21、heets.5.3.2 After blunting, the abrasive sheets shall be thoroughlycleaned by brushing, blowing, or suction and test runs with thebreak-in compound in shall be made until the Abrasion Indexof 30 to 35 is achieved.5.3.3 Test results obtained with abrasive sheets, thuscalibrated, are more consistent.6
22、. Reference Compound6.1 The standard reference compound4,5shall conform tothe following formula and cure specifications.3The sole source of supply of the abrasive paper known to the committee at thistime is CCSI, Inc., 221 Beaver Street, Akron, OH 44304. When ordering paper, theorder should state th
23、e following: D1630 NBS Belt Paper, Roll 6 in.4If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.5The sole source of
24、supply of the compound known to the committee at this timeis Smithers Rapra, North America, 425 W. Market St., Akron OH 44303. Theminimum amount which may be ordered is one standard package containing 20strips.FIG. 1 NBS Abrasion Test MachineD1630 162Materials Parts by MassNatsyn 22004,6100.0Pliolit
25、e S6B4,72.5Stearic Acid 2.0N762 Black (SRF) 40.0N330 Black (HAF) 5.0Octylated diphenylamine 1.02-(Morpholinothio)benzothiazole 0.8Zinc Oxide 20.0Sulfur 2.0NOTE 1RMA Standard Reference Compound4,5shall be provided inthe form of a strip 200 mm (8 in.) long and 25 mm (1 in.) wide with oneface concaved
26、to the contour of the abrasive wheel.NOTE 2Levels of carbon black can be adjusted to provide a referencecompound that meets the specifications listed in 7.1.6.2 CureThe standard reference compound shall be curedat 160 6 1C (320 6 2F). The time of cure may be variedwith each individual lot of compoun
27、ds to give the proper stateof cure and uniform abrasion.6.3 HardnessThe durometer hardness of properly curedstandard reference compounds shall be A/62 6 3/1, as deter-mined by Test Method D2240.6.4 Uniformity:6.4.1 Comparison of a newly prepared (D) reference com-pound with previous reference compou
28、nds (A, B, and C) shallbe made as follows:6.4.1.1 The number of revolutions per 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) ofwear of the new reference compound shall be obtainedconcurrently with the last three reference compounds inaccordance with the requirements in Table 1. Repeat theexperiment a total of four times.6.4.2
29、The composite average value for compounds A, B,and C and the average value for D shall be calculated.6.4.3 A newly prepared reference compound shall be con-sidered acceptable when the difference between the number ofrevolutions per 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) for the new compound D andthe same arithmetic avera
30、ge of the three previous referencecompounds, A, B, and C does not exceed 6 5.0 % (in numberof revolutions of wear).6.4.4 Standard reference compounds more than 6 monthsold shall not be used. The standard reference compounds shallbe stored in an airtight container out of direct light and at 23 62C (7
31、3.4 6 3.6F) or may be refrigerated during storage.7. Break-in Compound7.1 The standard break-in compound shall be a nonblacktoplift compound prepared under carefully controlled condi-tions and conform to the following requirements:D2240 Type D Hardness D/55 to 60/1Tensile Strength, min 7.0 MPa (1000
32、 psi)Elongation, min 200 %Abrasion Index 30 to 357.1.1 A break-in compound designated as RMA break-incompound shall be used.4,8The order should specifically statethat the compound is to be used for break in of the abrasivepaper in connection with tests on the National Bureau ofStandards (NBS) abrasi
33、on machine.7.2 The standard break-in compound shall be stored out ofdirect light at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) or may be refrigeratedduring storage.8. Test Specimen8.1 Unless otherwise specified, the test specimen shallconsist of a portion of the test sample or piece, 25 by 25 mm(1 by 1 in.) and approxim
34、ately 6 mm (0.25 in.) in thickness.8.2 Unless otherwise specified, materials thinner than6.4 mm (0.25 in.) shall be plied to obtain the desired thickness(use no adhesive or bonding material). The contact surfaces ofthe plied pieces shall be free of voids and accurately aligned.9. Procedure9.1 Prepar
35、ation of the Test SpecimenIf the material is toothick, has a fabric backing, surface coating, or an unevensurface that may interfere with the abrasion test, buff it to thedimensions specified in 8.1. If the specimen is too thin, prepareit as specified in 8.2.9.2 Before the start of any test when new
36、 abrasive paper hasbeen applied to the apparatus, mount a specimen of thestandard break-in compound on each arm of the testingmachine and run the machine for 500 revolutions. Discard thestandard break-in compounds used for this break-in.9.3 Following this, mount a specimen of the standardreference c
37、ompound on each arm of the testing machine andrun the machine for 500 revolutions as a second break-in of theabrasive paper. Discard the standard reference compounds usedfor this second break-in.9.4 No more than 18 runs of three specimens each (exclud-ing standard reference compounds run before each
38、 of the sixtests) shall be made on one abrasive paper after the break-inruns.9.5 One specimen from the standard reference compoundshall be mounted on each arm of the machine. Rotate the drumsat a speed of 4.7 6 0.5 rad/s (45 6 5 rpm) with the air pressureturned on, and allow the machine to run until
39、 the surface of thespecimen is worn to the shape of the drum. At this point, stopthe machine and lock the gauge bridge in place.6The sole source of supply of Natsyn 2200 known to the committee at this timeis Americas International, Inc., 1680 Akron-Peninsula Road, Suite 101, Akron, OH44313.7The sole
40、 source of supply of Pliolite S6B known to the committee at this timeis Eliokem, Inc., 1452 East Archwood Avenue, Suite 240, Akron, OH 44306.8The sole source of supply of the compound known to the committee at this timeis Smithers Scientific Services, 425 W. Market St., Akron OH 44303.TABLE 1 Requir
41、ements for Comparing Reference CompoundsARunArm1231A B C2B A D3C D A4D C BAA, B, and C represent the previous three standards in chronological order; Drepresents the new standard.D1630 1639.6 Set the thickness gauges and the revolution counter tozero. Start the machine again and run until approximat
42、ely2.5 mm (0.1 in.) thickness has been abraded from the speci-mens as recorded on the thickness gauges.9.7 Stop the machine, and record the number of revolutionsand the gauge readings for each specimen. Using the dataobtained, calculate the number of revolutions required toabrade 2.5 mm thickness fr
43、om each specimen and record thevalue as R2. Record the thickness readings with the drum asnear as possible to the position as when the thickness gaugeswere set at zero.9.8 Remove the standard reference samples from the ma-chine. Mount one test specimen each on each arm of themachine. Test these spec
44、imens and record the number ofrevolutions required to abrade 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) thickness fromeach test specimen as R1. Make a minimum of one and amaximum of six runs of test specimens, after which make asecond run of standard reference specimens.10. Calculation10.1 Express the abrasive resistance of
45、the specimen by anabrasive index which shall be calculated as follows:Abrasive Index 5R1R23100 (1)where:R1= number of revolutions required to abrade 2.5 mm (0.1in.) of the test specimen, andR2= average number of revolutions required to abrade2.5 mm (0.1 in.) thickness of the reference compoundrun be
46、fore and after the test specimens.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following:11.1.1 The abrasive index of the test specimens, as theaverage of the values obtained (record to the nearest one unit),11.1.2 Type of specimen used, and whether it was plied, and11.1.3 Type of abrasive paper used
47、.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The interlaboratory program to determine a Type 1precision (Class I Specimens) was run on three compoundswith eight laboratories participating. The control compoundsand break-in compounds were supplied along with specimensof the three compounds. The three compounds were c
48、hosen togive a wide range of values. They were a natural rubber shoesoling material, a natural rubber/polybutadiene material, and anitrile compound. There were two determinations for eachcompound made for each of three days. A determinationconsists of running three specimens, one on each arm. Thepro
49、gram was conducted in June of 1989. This precision andbias section has been prepared in accordance with PracticeD4483.12.2 The precision results in this precision and bias sectiongive an estimate of the precision of this test method with thematerials (rubbers used in the particular interlaboratory pro-gram) as described in the following. The precision parametersshould not be used for acceptance/rejection testing of anygroup of materials without documentation that they are appli-cable to those particular materials and the specific testingprotocols that includ
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