ASTM D1655-2008a Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels.pdf

1、Designation: D 1655 08aAn American National StandardStandard Specification forAviation Turbine Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis

2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasin

3、g agenciesin formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbinefuel under contract.1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviationturbine fuel for civil use in the operation and certification ofaircraft and describes fuels found satisfactory for the operationof aircraft and engin

4、es. The specification can be used as astandard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuels fromthe refinery to the aircraft.1.3 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactoryfor aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditionsof use may permit a wider, or require a narro

5、wer, range ofcharacteristics than is shown by this specification.1.4 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification maybe used in other than turbine engines that are specificallydesigned and certified for this fuel.1.5 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviationturbine fuel (Jet B)

6、. FAA has issued a Special AirworthinessInformation Bulletin which now approves the use of Specifi-cation D 6615 to replace Specification D 1655 as the specifi-cation for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other u

7、nits of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 129 T

8、est Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Saybolt Chromometer Method)D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocar

9、bon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD 323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Reid Method)D 381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by JetEvaporationD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 1094 Test Method for W

10、ater Reaction of Aviation FuelsD 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in LiquidPetr

11、oleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD 1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine andAviation Turbine FuelD 1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 1660 Method of Test for Thermal Stability of AviationTurbine Fuels3D 1840 Test Method for Naphthale

12、ne Hydrocarbons inAviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet SpectrophotometryD 2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Avia-tion Fuel by Line SamplingD 2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluoresce

13、nce SpectrometryD 2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Avia-tion and Distillate FuelsD 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommitte

14、eD02.J0.01 on Jet Fuel Specifications.Current edition approved May 15, 2008. Published July 2008. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 165508.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F

15、or Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United

16、 States.Petroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gaso-line, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D

17、 3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In AviationTurbine FuelsD 3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability ofAviation Turbine Fuels (JFTOT Procedure)D 3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine FuelD 3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 3343 Tes

18、t Method for Estimation of Hydrogen Content ofAviation FuelsD 3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of AviationTurbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Reso-nance SpectrometryD 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD 3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separatio

19、nCharacteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by PortableSeparometerD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD 4176 Test Method for Fre

20、e Water and Particulate Con-tamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Proce-dures)D 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD 4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace Contamination

21、D 4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD 4952 Test Method for Qua

22、litative Analysis for ActiveSulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D 4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D 5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity ofAviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder LubricityEvaluator (BOCLE)D 5006 T

23、est Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD 5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D 5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia-ti

24、on Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD 5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D 6045 Test M

25、ethod for Color of Petroleum Products by theAutomatic Tristimulus MethodD 6379 Test Method for Determination ofAromatic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index DetectionD 6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in

26、 Fuels andFuel SystemsD 6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation TurbineFuelD 7153 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Laser Method)D 7154 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Fiber Optical Method)E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Da

27、ta toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 Energy Institute Standards:4IP 225 Copper Content of Aviation Turbine FuelIP 227 Silver Corrosion of Aviation Turbine FuelIP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of avia-tion turbine fuel Jet evaporation method2.3 ANSI Standard:5ANSI 863 Rep

28、ort of Test Results2.4 Other Standard:6Defence Standard 91-91 Issue 5 (DERD 2494) TurbineFuel, Aviation Kerosine Type, Jet A-13. General3.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of aviation turbine fuel at the time andplace of delivery.4. Classification4.1

29、Two types of aviation turbine fuels are provided, asfollows:4.1.1 Jet A and Jet A-1Relatively high flash point distil-lates of the kerosine type.4.2 Jet A and Jet A-1 represent two grades of kerosine fuelthat differ in freezing point. Other grades would be suitablyidentified.4.3 This specification p

30、reviously cited the requirements forJet B. Requirements for Jet B fuel now appear in SpecificationD 6615.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.6Available f

31、rom Procurement Executive DFS (Air), Ministry of Defence, St.Giles Court 1, St. Giles High St., London WC2H 8LD.D 1655 08a25. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Aviation turbine fuel, except as otherwise specified inthis specification, shall consist of refined hydrocarbons derivedfrom conventional sources

32、 including crude oil, natural gasliquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The useof jet fuel blends, containing components from other sources,are only permitted on a specific, individual basis (see AnnexA1).5.1.1 Fuels used in certified engines and aircraft are ulti-mately approved b

33、y the certifying authority subsequent toformal submission of evidence to the authority as part of thetype certification program for that aircraft and engine model.Additives to be used as supplements to an approved fuel mustalso be similarly approved on an individual basis (see X1.2.4and X1.10.1).5.2

34、 AdditivesMay be added to each type of aviationturbine fuel in the amount and of the composition specified inTable 2 or the following list of approved material:75.2.1 Other additives are permitted under 5.1 and 7.1. Theseinclude fuel system icing inhibitor, other antioxidants, inhibi-tors, and speci

35、al purpose additives. The quantities and typesmust be declared by the fuel supplier and agreed to by thepurchaser. Only additives approved by the aircraft certifyingauthority are permitted in the fuel on which an aircraft isoperated.5.2.1.1 Biocidal additives are available for controlled usage.Where

36、 such an additive is used in the fuel, the approval statusof the additive and associated conditions must be checked forthe specific aircraft and engines to be operated.5.2.1.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor:(1) Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (DiEGME), con-forming to the requirements of Specificatio

37、n D 4171, Type III,may be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %.(2) Test Method D 5006 may be used to determine theconcentration of DiEGME in aviation fuels.5.3 Guidance material is presented in Appendix X2 con-cerning the need to control processing additives in jet fuelproduction.6. Detai

38、led Requirements6.1 The aviation turbine fuel shall conform to the require-ments prescribed in Table 1.6.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be lessthan the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowanceshall be made for the precision of the test methods. Todetermine conformance to the

39、 specification requirement, a testresult may be rounded to the same number of significant figuresas in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multiple determina-tions are made, the average result, rounded in accordance withPractice E29, shall be used.7. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance7.1 The aviation

40、turbine fuel specified in this specificationshall be visually free of undissolved water, sediment, andsuspended matter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseatingor irritating. No substance of known dangerous toxicity underusual conditions of handling and use shall be present, except aspermitted i

41、n this specification.8. Sampling8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-dures in Practice D 4057 to obtain a representative samplefrom the batch of fuel for specification compliance testing.This requirement is met by produc

42、ing fuel as a discrete batchthen testing it for specification compliance. This requirement isnot satisfied by averaging online analysis results.8.2 A number of jet fuel properties, including thermalstability, water separation, electrical conductivity, and others,are very sensitive to trace contamina

43、tion, which can originatefrom sample containers. For recommended sample containers,refer to Practice D 4306.9. Report9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformancewith the requirements of this specification shall be mutuallyagreed upon by the seller and the purchaser of the aviationturbine

44、 fuel.9.2 A suggested form for reporting inspection data onaviation turbine fuels is given in Appendix X3.10. Test Methods10.1 Determine the requirements enumerated in this speci-fication in accordance with the following ASTM test methods.10.1.1 DensityTest Method D 1298 or D 4052.10.1.2 Distillatio

45、nTest Method D86. For Jet A and JetA-1, Test Method D 2887 can be used as an alternate with thelimits listed in Table 1. In case of dispute, Test Method D86shall be the referee method (see X1.6.1.1).10.1.3 Flash PointTest Method D56or D 3828.10.1.4 Freezing PointTest Method D 5972, D 7153,D 7154,orD

46、 2386. Any of these test methods can be used tocertify and recertify jet fuel. However, Test Method D 2386 isthe referee method.An interlaboratory study (RR: D0215728)that evaluated the ability of freezing point methods to detect jetfuel contamination by diesel fuel determined that Test MethodsD 597

47、2 and D 7153 provided significantly more consistentdetection of freeze point changes caused by contamination thanTest Methods D 2386 and D 7154. It is recommended to certifyand recertify jet fuel using either Test Method D 5972 or TestMethod D 7153, or both, on the basis of the reproducibility andcr

48、oss-contamination detection reported in RR: D021572.8Thecause of freezing point results outside specification limits byautomated methods should be investigated, but such results donot disqualify the fuel from aviation use if the results from thereferee method (Test Method D 2386) are within the spec

49、ifi-cation limit.10.1.5 ViscosityTest Method D 445.7Supporting data (Guidelines for Approval or Disapproval of Additives) havebeen filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requestingResearch Report RR: D02-1125.8Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D021572.D 1655 08a3TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Turbine FuelsAProperty Jet A or Jet A-1 ASTM Test MethodBCOMPOSITIONAcidity, total mg KOH/g max 0.10 D 32421. Aromatics, vol % max 25 D 13192. Aromatics, vol %