ASTM D1655-2009a Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels.pdf

1、Designation: D1655 09aAn American National StandardStandard Specification forAviation Turbine Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1655; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio

2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing

3、agenciesin formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbinefuel under contract.1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviationturbine fuel for civil use in the operation and certification ofaircraft and describes fuels found satisfactory for the operationof aircraft and engines

4、. The specification can be used as astandard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuels fromthe refinery to the aircraft.1.3 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactoryfor aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditionsof use may permit a wider, or require a narrowe

5、r, range ofcharacteristics than is shown by this specification.1.4 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification maybe used in other than turbine engines that are specificallydesigned and certified for this fuel.1.5 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviationturbine fuel (Jet B).

6、FAA has issued a Special AirworthinessInformation Bulletin which now approves the use of Specifi-cation D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specifica-tion for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units

7、 of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD129 Test Me

8、thod for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-troleum Products by Copper Strip TestD156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products(Saybolt Chromometer Method)D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels

9、 by Bomb CalorimeterD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Reid Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Pe

10、troleum Products(Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in LiquidPetroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD1322 Test Method

11、for Smoke Point of Kerosine andAviation Turbine FuelD1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD1660 Method of Test for Thermal Stability of AviationTurbine Fuels3D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons inAvia-tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotomet

12、ryD2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant inAviationFuel by Line SamplingD2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity ofAviationand

13、Distillate FuelsD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD2892 Test Method for Distillation of Crude Petroleum1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of

14、 SubcommitteeD02.J0.01 on Jet Fuel Specifications.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D165509. DOI:10.1520/D1655-09A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus

15、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of t

16、his standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(15-Theoretical Plate Column)D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD3227 Test Method for (Thiol

17、 Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gaso-line, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In AviationTurbine FuelsD3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability ofAviation Turbine FuelsD3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine FuelD333

18、8 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD3343 Test Method for Estimation of Hydrogen Content ofAviation FuelsD3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of AviationTurbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Reso-nance SpectrometryD3828 Test Methods for Flash Point b

19、y Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD3948 Test Method for Determining Water SeparationCharacteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by PortableSeparometerD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetrol

20、eum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Con-tamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Proce-dures)D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD430

21、6 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and

22、Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for ActiveSulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of

23、 Avia-tion Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder LubricityEvaluator (BOCLE)D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Pr

24、od-ucts (Mini Method)D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia-tion Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5972 Test Method for Fre

25、ezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D6045 Test Method for Color of Petroleum Products by theAutomatic Tristimulus MethodD6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMetho

26、d with Refractive Index DetectionD6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsD6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation TurbineFuelD7153 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Laser Method)D7154 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic F

27、iber Optical Method)D7566 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel ContainingSynthesized HydrocarbonsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 Energy Institute Standards:4IP 225 Copper Content of Aviation Turbine FuelIP 227 Silver Corrosion

28、of Aviation Turbine FuelIP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of avia-tion turbine fuel Jet evaporation method2.3 ANSI Standard:5ANSI 863 Report of Test Results2.4 Other Standards:Defence Standard (Def Stan) 91-91 Turbine Fuel, AviationKerosine Type, Jet A-16IATA Guidance Material on Micr

29、obiological Contaminationin Aircraft Fuel Tanks Ref. No: 9680-0273. General3.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of aviation turbine fuel at the time andplace of delivery.4. Classification4.1 Two types of aviation turbine fuels are provided, asfollows:4

30、.1.1 Jet A and Jet A-1Relatively high flash point distil-lates of the kerosine type.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.6Av

31、ailable from Procurement Executive DFS (Air), Ministry of Defence, St.Giles Court 1, St. Giles High St., London WC2H 8LD.7Available from International Air Transport Association (IATA), (Head Office)800 Place Victoria, PO Box 113, Montreal, H4Z 1M1, Quebec, Canada. www.iata-.D1655 09a24.2 Jet A and J

32、et A-1 represent two grades of kerosine fuelthat differ in freezing point. Other grades would be suitablyidentified.4.3 This specification previously cited the requirements forJet B. Requirements for Jet B fuel now appear in SpecificationD6615.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Aviation turbine fuel, e

33、xcept as otherwise specified inthis specification, shall consist of refined hydrocarbons (seeNote 1) derived from conventional sources including crude oil,natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oilsands. The use of jet fuel blends containing components fromother sources are permit

34、ted only on a specific, individual basis.For example, components derived from synthesis gas andFischer-Tropsch processing are approved in principle as beingfit for purpose, but they are currently only on a specific,individual basis (see Annex A1).NOTE 1Conventionally refined jet fuel contains trace

35、levels of mate-rials that are not hydrocarbons, including organosulfur and nitrogenouscompounds.5.1.1 Fuels used in certified engines and aircraft are ulti-mately approved by the certifying authority subsequent toformal submission of evidence to the authority as part of thetype certification program

36、 for that aircraft and engine model.Additives to be used as supplements to an approved fuel mustalso be similarly approved on an individual basis (see X1.2.4and X1.15.1).5.2 AdditivesMay be added to each type of aviationturbine fuel in the amount and of the composition specified inTable 2 or the fol

37、lowing list of approved material:5.2.1 Other additives are permitted under 5.1 and 7.1. Theseinclude fuel performance enhancing additives and fuel handingand maintenance additives as found under Table 2. Thequantities and types must be declared by the fuel supplier andagreed to by the purchaser. Onl

38、y additives approved by theaircraft certifying authority are permitted in the fuel on whichan aircraft is operated.5.2.1.1 Biocidal additives are available for controlled usage.Where such an additive is used in the fuel, the approval statusof the additive and associated conditions must be checked fo

39、rthe specific aircraft and engines to be operated.5.2.1.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor:(1) Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (DiEGME), con-forming to the requirements of Specification D4171, Type III,may be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %.(2) Test Method D5006 may be used to determin

40、e theconcentration of DiEGME in aviation fuels.5.3 Guidance material is presented in Appendix X2 con-cerning the need to control processing additives in jet fuelproduction.6. Detailed Requirements6.1 The aviation turbine fuel shall conform to the require-ments prescribed in Table 1.6.2 Test results

41、shall not exceed the maximum or be lessthan the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowanceshall be made for the precision of the test methods. Todetermine conformance to the specification requirement, a testresult may be rounded to the same number of significant figuresas in Table 1 using Pra

42、ctice E29. Where multiple determina-tions are made, the average result, rounded in accordance withPractice E29, shall be used.7. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance7.1 The aviation turbine fuel specified in this specificationshall be visually free of undissolved water, sediment, andsuspended matter.

43、The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseatingor irritating. If the fuel has an odor similar to that of “rottenegg,” please refer to X1.12.5 for further discussion. Nosubstance of known dangerous toxicity under usual conditionsof handling and use shall be present, except as permitted in thisspecificat

44、ion.8. Sampling8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-dures in Practice D4057 to obtain a representative sample fromthe batch of fuel for specification compliance testing. Thisrequirement is met by producing fuel as a disc

45、rete batch thentesting it for specification compliance. This requirement is notsatisfied by averaging online analysis results.8.2 A number of jet fuel properties, including thermalstability, water separation, electrical conductivity, and others,are very sensitive to trace contamination, which can or

46、iginatefrom sample containers. For recommended sample containers,refer to Practice D4306.9. Report9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformancewith the requirements of this specification shall be mutuallyagreed upon by the seller and the purchaser of the aviationturbine fuel.9.2 A suggest

47、ed form for reporting inspection data onaviation turbine fuels is given in Appendix X3.10. Test Methods10.1 Determine the requirements enumerated in this speci-fication in accordance with the following ASTM test methods.10.1.1 DensityTest Method D1298 or D4052.10.1.2 DistillationTest Method D86. For

48、 Jet A and JetA-1, Test Method D2887 can be used as an alternate. Resultsfrom Test Method D2887 shall be reported as estimated D86results by application of the correlation in Appendix X5 onCorrelation for Jet and Diesel Fuel in Test Method D2887.Incase of dispute, Test Method D86 shall be the refere

49、e method(see X1.6.1.1).10.1.3 Flash PointTest Method D56 or D3828.10.1.4 Freezing PointTest Method D5972, D7153,D7154,orD2386. Any of these test methods can be used tocertify and recertify jet fuel. However, Test Method D2386 isthe referee method.An interlaboratory study (RR: D0215728)that evaluated the ability of freezing point methods to detect jet8Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1572.D1655 09a3TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Turbine FuelsAProperty Jet A or J