1、Designation: D1666 11Standard Test Methods forConducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base PanelMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1666; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONOne of the significant characteristics of wood and wood-base panels is the facility with which theycan be machined and f
3、abricated. Different species and products, however, vary greatly in theirbehavior under cutting tools, so that some systematic method is needed for determining theirsuitability for uses where the character of the machined surface is of prime importance. Such usesinclude cabinetwork, millwork, and ot
4、her applications where favorable machining properties areessential to good finish. For such products as common boards, on the other hand, good machiningproperties are secondary, although still an asset.The machining test procedures presented in these test methods cover such common operations asplani
5、ng, routing/shaping, turning, boring, mortising, and sanding. They are the result of many yearsof extensive research and development and include practical methods for qualitatively evaluating andinterpreting the results. Because of their satisfactory use with a wide range of materials, it is believe
6、dthat the methods are equally applicable to species, hardwoods and softwoods, and to wood-base panelmaterials, such as plywood, particleboard, fiberboard, and hardboard.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing,routing/shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all ofwhich a
7、re common wood-working operations used in themanufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in differentdegrees, to two general classes of materials:1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood andwood-base fiber and particle panels.1.2 Because of the import
8、ance of planing, some of thevariables that affect the results of this operation are exploredwith a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of theother tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one setof fairly typical commercial conditions in which all thedifferent woods are treat
9、ed alike.1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of themachining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel.Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis forevaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cuttingtools and power consumed in cutting are also important
10、considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.1.4 Although the methods presented include the results ofprogressive developments in the evaluation of machiningproperties, further improvements may be anticipated. Forexample, by present procedures, quality of the finished surfaceis eval
11、uated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical orphysical techniques become available that will afford improvedprecision of evaluation, they should be employed.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound unitsmay be approximate
12、.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
13、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-uctsD1038 Terminology Relating to Veneer and PlywoodD1554 Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Par-ticle Panel MaterialsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD4
14、933 Guide for Moisture Conditioning of Wood andWood-Based Materials1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 onWood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on FundamentalTest Methods and Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011.
15、 Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D1666 87 (2004).DOI: 10.1520/D1666-11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D7438 Practice for Field Calibration and Application ofHand-Held Moisture Me
16、ters3. Definitions and Descriptions of Terms3.1 A number of special terms relating to wood and tomachining are used in describing the procedures for the variousmachining studies. Definitions and descriptions of a number ofthe important terms used are presented in Appendix X1.4. Significance and Use4
17、.1 Machining tests are made to determine the workingqualities and characteristics of different species of wood and ofdifferent wood-base panel materials under a variety of machineoperations such as are encountered in commercial manufactur-ing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for compar
18、ingthe behavior of different products with respect to woodworkingmachine operations and of evaluating their potential suitabilityfor certain uses where these properties are of prime impor-tance.5. Apparatus5.1 MachinesTo yield data that can be duplicated forcomparative purposes, all machines used in
19、 these tests shall bemodern commercial size machines of good make, in goodmechanical condition, and operated by fully qualified persons.Numerous machines meet these requirements, and no attemptis made to do more than describe the preferred type of machinefor each test in very general terms (Note 1).
20、 Completeinformation on the machine used, the cutting tool, and theoperating conditions of each test shall be made part of therecord.NOTE 1Where machines with all of these qualifications are notavailable, machines that are inferior in some respects have limited uses,such as for comparing the machini
21、ng properties of species for local useunder local conditions.5.2 Feed RatesWhile either automated or manual feedmachines may be used, preference shall be given to machineswith automated feed systems. To the extent possible, the feedrates used for the tests shall be chosen to correspond with thedesir
22、ed cutting conditions that will be employed for produc-tion. The feed rates and cutting conditions shall be keptconstant throughout each test type and reported.5.3 Knives and CuttersInsert tooling or one-piece cuttersmay be used for testing. Carbide-tipped knives and cutters shallbe the preferred ty
23、pe because of the much longer sharpness lifeof that material. High-speed steel shall be second choice andcarbon steel third. The cutting tool, material, manufacturer, andany relevant grade information shall be made part of therecord. Every precaution shall be taken to keep the sharpnessuniformly goo
24、d in all tests by resharpening or replacing theknives and cutters when necessary.NOTE 2Apractical measure of the deterioration of a machined lumbersurface because of dulling of the cutting tool can be obtained by the useof two check samples. They should come from the same board of somespecies that m
25、achines exceptionally well, such as maple or any otherclosed-grain species. Both should be machined with a freshly sharpenedcutting tool at the outset. One will be retained in that condition as acontrol, and the other, at intervals of1horsoasexperience dictates, shallbe machined with the regular tes
26、t specimens and compared with thecontrol. When the machined surface deteriorates perceptibly, as indicatedby this comparison, the cutting tool should be resharpened or replaced.Similarly with wood-base panels, some well-known product that hasgood machining properties may be used as a control materia
27、l forcomparison.NOTE 3Whenever possible, preference should be given to carbideinsert tooling (Fig. 1). Carbide insert tools are inexpensive and can bereadily replaced in the tool holder. Replacing the tooling in place ofresharpening will increase the repeatability of the method. Toolingmanufactures
28、have tables of recommended carbide tooling for the variouswood-based products. Preference should be given to the grade and type oftooling recommended. Experience has shown that there can be a differencein performance between carbide tools produced by different manufactur-ers.6. Shipment and Protecti
29、on of Samples6.1 All test material shall be properly protected in shipmentto ensure its delivery in satisfactory condition for the requiredtests. On receipt, the material shall be carefully protected toprevent deterioration pending the preparation for the tests.7. General Requirements of Samples7.1
30、The tests shall primarily be made on seasoned materialbrought to an equilibrium moisture content in a conditionedenvironment of 68 6 11F (20 6 6C) and 65 % (65%)relative humidity. Methods for determination of completion ofconditioning are given in Guide D4933. Alternative condition-ing may be specif
31、ied provided that it is recorded.7.2 Lumber shall be clear (Note 4), sound, well-manufactured, and accurately identified as to species. It may beeither rough or dressed.NOTE 4Clear means free from all defects, including knots, stain,incipient decay, surface checks, end splits, compression wood, and
32、tensionwood.7.3 Wood-base panel samples may be typical commercialproducts or samples of new boards under development as theoccasion requires. In either case, the kind or kinds of wood, thedensity, and the amount and kind of binder should be knownand made part of the record. Wood-base panels shall be
33、 typicalof the product under consideration as they are manufacturedand marketed. For the sanding tests, the wood-base panelsamples should be procured in the unsurfaced condition,whenever possible, so that these evaluations may be made onthe same part of the material that will be removed from theboar
34、d in the normal use conditions where sanding is done.7.4 Test samples of lumber shall be so selected as to excludethe small amount at each extreme that is not fairly typical of thespecies under consideration in number of rings per inch(average ring width per millimetre).NOTE 5Number of rings per inc
35、h is determined by visual count alongFIG. 1 Illustration of a Router Head With Insert ToolingD1666 112a line perpendicular to the growth rings. Different samples of a givenspecies often differ widely in this respect, and often the samples at bothextremes are not typical in their properties.8. Dimens
36、ions, Weight, and Moisture Content of Samples8.1 Samples must be large enough to yield the minimumacceptable size (0.75 by 5 in. by 4 ft) (19 by 127 mm 3 1.2 m)when at the prescribed moisture content and surfaced smoothlyon two sides. Where it is desired to make more planer cuts thanare specified, l
37、umber thicker than 1 in. (25 mm) may be used.8.2 Lumber test samples shall be so selected as to excludethe small amount at each extreme of weight that is not typicalof the species under consideration.NOTE 6Different samples of a species sometimes vary in density byas much as a 2-to-1 ratio. The prop
38、erties exhibited by samples at eitherextreme of density are not typical of the species as a whole.8.3 Wood-base panel test material shall be typical in dimen-sions and weight of the products under consideration as theyare manufactured and marketed.8.4 The moisture content of a representative samplin
39、g oftest material shall be determined and recorded. The moisturecontent of sawn lumber materials shall be determined usingeither the oven dry method of Test Methods D4442 or ahand-held meter in accordance with Practice D7438.Ifapin-type hand-held meter is used to determine the moisturecontent prior
40、to machining, then the moisture content readingshall be taken away from the surface that will be machined.The moisture content of composite materials shall be deter-mined in accordance with Test Methods D4442.9. Sampling9.1 A total of 50 test samples of lumber is required for eachspecies tested (Not
41、e 7). Except in the few species where themaking of some quartered lumber is standard practice, thesamples shall be commercial flat grain. The test material shallbe selected by one fully qualified to identify the species, tojudge if it is fairly representative of the product being shipped,and if it m
42、eets the specifications. If only exploratory tests areto be made, a smaller number of samples may be selected.NOTE 7It is desirable that the samples represent numerous differenttrees and logs. The material for tests should preferably be obtained in logform and then sawn to the desired size. When thi
43、s is not possible, it willbe necessary to select random samples from a lumber pile.9.2 For each type of wood-base panel tested, five samples(Note 8) shall be selected, one from each of five differentsheets. The size of these samples (Fig. 2) shall be 2 by 4 ft (610by 1220 mm), and the thickness in d
44、ifferent products shall beas manufactured (Note 9).NOTE 8Wood-based panels from any one process and mill are muchmore uniform in their properties than different boards of a given species.For this reason, five samples selected as described in 9.2 are consideredsufficient to give representative result
45、s.NOTE 9For sawing tests where power consumption is an importantfactor, material thicker than 0.75 in. (19 mm) shall be reduced to thatthickness before test. For material thinner than 0.75 in., a sufficientnumber of pieces shall be laminated together to provide the 0.75-in.thickness.10. Preparation
46、of Test Specimens from Lumber10.1 Each different test has its own procedure as describedin Sections 12-17. The following steps in preparing the testspecimens apply to all tests with lumber:10.1.1 Mark each board, nominal 1 by 5 in. by 4 ft (as by127 mm by 1.2 m) to identify adequately the species so
47、urceand individual sample.10.1.2 Cut a 0.5-in. (13-mm) cross section from one end ofeach nominal 1 by 5 in. by 4 ft board for specific gravitydeterminations and for counting the number of annual rings perinch (average ring width in millimetres) (Note 5).10.1.3 Joint one edge and one side of the boar
48、ds flat andplane the other side to provide a final board thickness of 0.75in. (19 mm).10.1.4 Saw the boards into the specified smaller sizes for thedifferent tests as shown in Fig. 3. Each of the test specimensshall bear the same number as the board from which it was cut;take care to place the numbe
49、r where it will not be lost in themachining process.NOTE 10The specimen for routing/shaping, boring, and mortising(Fig. 3) must be accurately cut to size to ensure proper positioning. Theturning specimens also must be accurate since they have to fit special lathecenters. The size of the planing specimen is less critical and, if necessary,METRIC EQUIVALENTSin.cm37.6615.2246148122FIG. 2 Diagram for Sawing Wood-Base Panel Samples into Smaller Samples for Individual TestsD1666 113it may be 1 in. (25 mm) or so short of the specified 3 ft (910 mm) withoutserious objection.1
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