ASTM D1711-2011a Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation《电气绝缘相关的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D1711 11aAn American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toElectrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1711; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re

2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis terminology is used in connection with testing and specifying solid electrical insulatingmaterials. Modifications to thi

3、s terminology, reflecting common usage, may appear in particular testmethods, material specifications, practices, or other standards. Included herein are terms pertinent togeneral applications, electrical insulating papers, mica, mica processing, processed mica forms,hookup wire insulation, and part

4、ial discharge (corona).1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of technicalterms associated with testing and specifying solid electrical andelectronic insulating materials.1.2 This terminology standard shall contain all definitionsthat are balloted specifically through Subcommittee D

5、09.94and through D09 main committee and that are of generalinterest to standards associated with electrical and electronicinsulating materials. Those definitions shall be of importanceto electrical and electronic insulating materials issues but neednot be directly associated with a specific standard

6、 under thejurisdiction of Committee D09 on Electrical and ElectronicInsulating Materials.1.3 It is intended that all definitions in this terminologystandard originating in a specific standard under the jurisdic-tion of Committee D09 be identical to definitions of the sameterms as printed in standard

7、s of originating technical subcom-mittees, with the exceptions of: (1) deletion of any part of theDiscussion included in another standard that refers specificallyto the use of a term in that standard; (2) figure numbers andcorresponding references; and (3) in this terminology standard,a parenthetica

8、l addition of a reference to one or more technicalstandards in which the term is used and the year in which theterm was added to this compilation.1.3.1 Definitions contained in this terminology standardwhich did not originate in a specific standard under thejurisdiction of Committee D09, or which or

9、iginated in astandard that has since been revised or withdrawn, and thathave been appropriately balloted, shall also be included in thisterminology standard.1.4 It is permissible to include symbols as part of therepresentation of terms, where appropriate.1.5 It is not intended that this terminology

10、standard includesymbols (except as noted in 1.4). It is also permissible toinclude acronyms and abbreviations referring directly to de-fined terms.1.6 Revisions and additions to those definitions in thisterminology standard which originate in a specific standardunder the jurisdiction of Committee D0

11、9 are to be made as aproduct of a collaborative effort between SubcommitteeD09.94 and the corresponding technical subcommittee ofCommittee D09, with Subcommittee D09.94 providing edito-rial advice to the technical subcommittees.1.7 Each definition in this terminology standard shall beaccompanied by

12、the year in which it was first incorporated intothe standard, placed at the end in parentheses. All discussionsshall also carry a date; it is possible that the discussion date isdifferent from the definition date.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Vo

13、ltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insula-tionD3426 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid

14、Electrical Insulating MaterialsUsing Impulse WavesD3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of SolidElectrical Insulating Materials1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee

15、D09.94 on Editorial.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D1711 11. DOI:10.1520/D1711-11a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm

16、.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Sta

17、tes.2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/ASQC A2-198733. Terminologyacceptable quality level (AQL), nthe maximum percentnonconforming which, for purposes of sampling inspection,is considered satisfactory as a process average. (2011)D3636acceptance number, nthe maximum allowable number ofnonconformities for a gi

18、ven AQL and sample size (lot-sample size). (2011) D3636air chain, nin mica, a series of air inclusions in the form ofa chain or streak. (2011)arc propagation, nthe movement of an electric arc from itspoint of inception to another location. (1996) D3032arc tracking, nthe process producing tracks when

19、 arcs occuron or close to the insulation surface. (2011)Arrhenius plot, na graph of the logarithm of thermal life asa function of the reciprocal of absolute temperature. (2011)DISCUSSIONThis is normally depicted as the best straight line fit,determined by least squares, of end points obtained at agi

20、ng tempera-tures. It is important that the slope, which is the activation energy of thedegradation reaction, be approximately constant within the selectedtemperature range to ensure a valid extrapolation. (2011) D2304ash content of paper, nthe solid residue remaining aftercombustion of the paper und

21、er specified conditions, ex-pressed as a percentage of the dry mass of the original paper.(1996) D202average discharge (corona) current (It), nthe sum of theabsolute magnitudes of the individual discharges during acertain time interval divided by that time interval. (2011)DISCUSSIONWhen the discharg

22、es are measured in coulombs and thetime interval in seconds, the calculated current will be in am-peres. (2011)It5(t0t1Q11 Q21222222Qnt12 t0(1)where:It= average current, A,t0= starting time, s,t1= completion time, s, andQ1,Q2,Qn= partial discharge quantity in a corona pulse1 through n,C.D1868binder

23、tapesee core wrap (binder tape).bond strength, na measure of the force required to separatesurfaces which have been bonded together. (1996)D2519, D3145, D4882braid, n(1) woven metallic wire used as a shield forinsulated conductors and cables.(2) A woven fibrous protective outer covering over aninsul

24、ated conductor or cable. (2011)breakdown voltagesee dielectric breakdown voltage.bursting strength of paper, nthe hydrostatic pressure re-quired to produce rupture of a circular area of the materialunder specified test conditions. (1996) D202cable wrap, npaper used for mechanical protection or forsp

25、ace-filling (rather than as electrical insulation) in low-voltage cables with nonmetallic sheaths. (2011)capacitance, C, nthat property of a system of conductorsand dielectrics which permits the storage of electricallyseparated charges when potential differences exist betweenthe conductors. (2011)DI

26、SCUSSIONCapacitance is the ratio of a quantity, q, of electricity toa potential difference, V. A capacitance value is always positive. Theunits are farads when the charge is expressed in coulombs and thepotential in volts (2011):C 5 q/V (2)D150capacitor tissue, nvery thin (5 to 50 m) pure, nonporous

27、paper used as the dielectric in capacitors, usually in conjunc-tion with an insulating liquid. (2011)coating powder, na heat-fusible, finely-divided solid resin-ous material used to form electrical insulating coatings.(1996) D2967, D3214concentricity, nthe ratio, expressed in percent, of the mini-mu

28、m wall thickness to the maximum wall thickness. (2011)D2671concentric-lay conductor, na conductor composed of acentral core surrounded by one or more layers of helicallylaid strands. (2011)DISCUSSIONIn the most common type of concentric-lay conductor,all strands are of the same size and the central

29、core is a singlestrand. (2011)conductance, insulation, nthe ratio of the total volume andsurface current between two electrodes (on or in a specimen)to the dc voltage applied to the two electrodes. (2011)DISCUSSIONInsulation conductance is the reciprocal of insulationresistance. (2011) D257conductan

30、ce, surface, nthe ratio of the current between twoelectrodes (on the surface of a specimen) to the dc voltageapplied to the electrodes. (2011)DISCUSSION(Some volume conductance is unavoidably included inthe actual measurement.) Surface conductance is the reciprocal ofsurface resistance. (2011) D257c

31、onductance, volume, nthe ratio of the current in thevolume of a specimen between two electrodes (on or in thespecimen) to the dc voltage applied to the two elec-trodes. (2011)DISCUSSIONVolume conductance is the reciprocal of volume resis-tance. (2011) D257conducting material (conductor), na material

32、 within whichan electric current is produced by application of a voltagebetween points on, or within, the material. (2011)DISCUSSIONThe term “conducting material” is usually applied onlyto those materials in which a relatively small potential difference results3Available from American National Stand

33、ards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D1711 11a2in a relatively large current since all materials appear to permit someconduction current. Metals and strong electrolytes are examples ofconducting materials. (2011) D4470conductivity, surface, nthe sur

34、face conductance multipliedby that ratio of specimen surface dimensions (distancebetween electrodes divided by the width of electrodesdefining the current path) which transforms the measuredconductance to that obtained if the electrodes had formed theopposite sides of a square. (2011)DISCUSSIONSurfa

35、ce conductivity is expressed in siemens. It ispopularly expressed as siemens/square (the size of the square isimmaterial). Surface conductivity is the reciprocal of surface resistiv-ity. (2011) D257conductivity, volume, nthe volume conductance multipliedby that ratio of specimen volume dimensions (d

36、istancebetween electrodes divided by the cross-sectional area of theelectrodes) which transforms the measured conductance tothat conductance obtained if the electrodes had formed theopposite sides of a unit cube. (2011)DISCUSSIONVolume conductivity is usually expressed in siemens/centimetre or in si

37、emens/metre and is the reciprocal of volumeresistivity. (2011) D257conductor, na wire, or combination of wires not insulatedfrom each other, suitable for carrying electric current. (1996)D1676continuous partial discharges (continuous corona),ndischarges that recur at rather regular intervals; forexa

38、mple on approximately every cycle of an alternatingvoltage or at least once per minute for an applied directvoltage. (2011) D1868core wrap (binder tape), npaper used to wrap groups ofinsulated wire into cable configuration prior to sheath-ing. (2011)DISCUSSIONUsually, this term is applied to telepho

39、ne communica-tion cables in which core wrap is not regularly subjected to voltagestress, but may be exposed to surges from lightning strokes or otheraccidental events. (2011)corona, nvisible partial discharges in gases adjacent to aconductor. (2011)DISCUSSIONThis term has also been used to refer to

40、partialdischarges in general. (2011) D1868critical property, na quantitatively measurable characteris-tic which is absolutely necessary to be met if a material orproduct is to provide satisfactory performance for theintended use. (2011)DISCUSSIONIn some situations, specification requirements coincid

41、ewith customer usage requirements. In other situations, they may notcoincide, being either more or less stringent. More stringent sampling(for example, smaller AQL values) is usually used for measurement ofcharacteristics which are considered critical. The selection of samplingplans is independent o

42、f whether the term defect or nonconformity isappropriate. (2011) D3636cross grains or reeves, nin mica, tangled laminationscausing imperfect cleavage. (2011)crude micamica as mined; crude crystals with dirt and rockadhering. (2011)crystallographic discoloration, nin mica, discoloration ap-pearing as

43、 bands of lighter or darker shades of basic color ofa block of mica. (1996)DISCUSSIONSuch bands are generally parallel to the crystallo-graphic faces of the crystal from which the block was separated. (2011)defect, na departure of a quality characteristic from itsintended level, or state, that occur

44、s with a severity sufficientto cause an associated product or service not to satisfyintended normal, or reasonably foreseeable, usage require-ments. (2011)DISCUSSIONThe terms “defect” and “nonconformity” and theirderivatives are used somewhat interchangeably in the historical andcurrent literature.

45、Nonconformity objectively describes the comparisonof test results to specification requirements, while the term defect has aconnotation of predicting the failure of a product or service to performits intended function in use. Since this latter connotation is oftenunintended, the term nonconformity i

46、s preferred in full consensusstandards. The selection of any sample plan is independent of whetherthe term defect or nonconformity is appropriate.The term defect may be appropriate for specifications mutuallyagreed upon by a producer and a user where specific use conditions areclearly understood. Ev

47、en in these cases however, use the term defectwith caution and consider substituting the term nonconformity.For additional comments, see ANSI/ASQC A2-1987 that also states:“When a quality characteristic of a product or service is “evaluated” interms of conformance to specification requirements, the

48、use of the termnonconformity is appropriate.” (2011) D3636dielectric, na medium in which it is possible to maintain anelectric field with little supply of energy from outsidesources. (2011)DISCUSSIONThe energy required to produce the electric field isrecoverable, in whole or in part. A vacuum, as we

49、ll as any insulatingmaterial, is a dielectric. (2011)dielectric breakdown voltage (electric breakdown voltage),nthe potential difference at which dielectric failure occursunder prescribed conditions, in an electrical insulating ma-terial located between two electrodes. (See also Test MethodD149, Appendix X1.) (2011)DISCUSSIONThe term dielectric breakdown voltage is sometimesshortened to “breakdown voltage.” (2011) D149dielectric constantsee relative permittivity.dielectric failure (under test), nan event that is evidencedby an