1、Designation: D 1739 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forCollection and Measurement of Dustfall (SettleableParticulate Matter)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1739; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for collection ofdustfall and its measurement. This test m
3、ethod is not appro-priate for determination of the dustfall rate in small areasaffected by specific sources. This test method describes deter-mination of both water-soluble and insoluble particulate mat-ter.1.2 This test method is inappropriate for industrial hygieneuse except where other more speci
4、fic methods are also used.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pr
5、ior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B57 Specifications for Copper-Alloy Condenser TubePlates3D 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 380 Practice for the
6、 Use of the International System ofUnits (SI) (the Modernized Metric System)43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 1356. An explanation of units,symbols, and conversion factors may be found in PracticeE 380.3.2 Definition of Terms Speci
7、fic to This Standard:3.2.1 settleable particulate materialany material com-posed of particles small enough to pass through a 1-mm screen(see Specification E11) and large enough to settle by virtue oftheir weight into the container from the ambient air.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Containers of a sta
8、ndard size and shape are prepared andsealed in a laboratory and then opened and set up at appropri-ately chosen sites so that particulate matter can settle into themfor periods of about 30 days. The containers are then closedand returned to the laboratory. The masses of the water-solubleand -insolub
9、le components of the material collected are deter-mined. The results are reported as grams per square metre per30 days g/(m230d).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method has the advantage of extreme simplic-ity. It is a crude and non-specific test method, but it is useful inthe study of long-term
10、 trends. It requires very little investmentin equipment and can be carried out without a largetechnically-skilled staff.5.2 This test method is useful for obtaining samples ofsettleable particulate matter for further chemical analysis (1)5.6. Interferences6.1 The results from this test method are ob
11、tained byweighings. Any material that gets into the container and passesthrough the sieve used in analysis, but which did not settle intothe container after air entrainment can be considered aninterferent.7. Apparatus7.1 ContainerAn open-topped cylinder not less than 150mm 6 in. in diameter with hei
12、ght not less than twice itsdiameter. Containers should be made of stainless steel orweatherproof plastic. They shall be capable of acceptinglegible, weatherproof, identification markings. A tight-fittinglid is needed for each container.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D2
13、2 onSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions.Current edition approved October 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 1739 - 98.2For refe
14、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. Replaced by B 171.4Withdrawn. Replaced by IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
15、5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.2 Stand, for the container, which will hold the top of thecontainer at a height of 2
16、 m above ground. It will also includea wind shield constructed in accordance with Figs. 1 and 2.Experiments reported in Kohler and Fleck (2) indicate thatmuch better precision is obtained when this simple aerody-namic shield is provided, and that there is a wide variability inthe concentration of pa
17、rticles subject to settling at heights ofless than 2 m.7.3 Sieve, 1 mm (No. 18), stainless steel.7.4 Drying Oven, with temperature controlled at 105C.7.5 Buchner Funnel, and 2 L filtering flask.7.6 Filter Paper, fast filtering type, circles to fit the Buchnerfunnel.7.7 Evaporating Dishes, 100-mL cap
18、acity, capable of beingunambiguously identified.7.8 Desiccators.7.9 Analytical Balance, to weigh with a precision of 60.1mg.7.10 Flexible Spatula.7.11 Crate, or frame in which to carry the containers.7.12 Graduated Cylinder, 1 L capacity, whose graduationshave been checked for calibration accuracy,
19、65 mL, using, forexample, volumetric flasks or pipettes.8. Reagents8.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referenceto water shall be understood to mean reagent water as definedby Type II of Specification D 1193.9. Sampling9.1 Sites (3, 4); for general sampling strategy, see Specifi-cations B
20、57.9.1.1 Location:9.1.1.1 These recommendations are a guide to the selectionof a site. In cases where these guidelines cannot be followed,results should only be presented accompanied by an appropri-ate caveat.9.1.1.2 The sampling site should be in an open area, free ofstructures higher than 1 m with
21、in a 20-m radius of the containerstand. It should be away from local sources of pollution andobjects that could affect the settling of particulate matter, suchas trees, and air exhausts and intakes.Accessibility and securityfrom vandalism are major considerations in the selection of asite.9.1.1.3 El
22、evations to higher objects within 20 m should notexceed 30 from the horizontal.9.1.1.4 Open areas around police and fire stations andlibraries are often suitable because of their accessibility andsecurity.9.1.1.5 Avoid sitting the containers near chimneys. When-ever possible, the sampling site shall
23、 be more than tenstack-lengths from an operating stack and upwind from it inaccordance with the most frequent wind direction.NOTE 1Do not assume that stacks are unused without making directinquiry.9.1.2 Number of Sites (5)For each region to be surveyed,a minimum of four sampling sites shall be provi
24、ded, to allowfor rejected samples and to provide some evidence for qualityassurance checks. An orderly spacing of the stations should bemade approximately at the vertices of an equilateral triangulargrid. The availability of staff will often be a constraining factor,but it is suggested that the spac
25、ing between sites be between 5and 8 km.9.1.3 Site RecordsA file which will contain physicalinformation specific to each site, such as the approximateelevation above sea level, map co-ordinates, and so forth,should be maintained for each site. It should include a detaileddescription, or photographs o
26、f the container stand that includeits surroundings. Also included should be photographs ordetailed descriptions of the surrounding area in the fourcompass point directions from the container stand. Unusualactivities occurring in the neighborhood of the site that emitlarge amounts of particulate matt
27、er into the air should berecorded in the site file. Such events are fires, construction anddemolition work, traffic diversions, and so forth. Records ofthese events will greatly increase the value of the data gatheredfrom this test method. Records of rain and snowfall for the sitesmay also be helpfu
28、l in interpreting the results from this testmethod.FIG. 1 Wind Shield for Dustfall ContainerFIG.2PlanViewofWindShieldD 1739 98 (2004)29.2 Preparation of the ContainersThoroughly clean thecontainers and lids, using detergent solution. Rinse the con-tainers twice with reagent water. The containers sho
29、uld besealed with their lids, labelled with identification numbers, andplaced in the rack or crate.9.3 Sample Collection:9.3.1 Set out the containers at the sites. Record the date,time and identification number as each container is set out andits lid removed.9.3.2 At the end of the sampling period,
30、reseal the contain-ers with their lids and place them in the crates or racks andreturn them to the laboratory for analysis. The date and time ofpick up and the identification number of the containers shouldbe recorded at each site as they are collected.9.3.3 Rain or snow will collect in and evaporat
31、e from thecontainers during the exposure period, and containers mayhave liquid in them when they are picked up. This liquid is laterprocessed and therefore should not be discarded. If enoughinches of rain or snow are known to have fallen at a site that itis likely that the container was filled with
32、either, the corre-sponding sample should be voided.9.4 Sampling PeriodThe sampling period shall be onecalendar month with an allowance of 62 days permissiblewhen the set-out and pick-up dates are chosen. Results arenormalized to a thirty day period.9.5 Handling:9.5.1 No attempt should be made to rem
33、ove the collectedmaterial from the containers at the sampling site.9.5.2 As the containers are loaded into the crates to go to thefield and again after they are returned to the laboratory, recordsshould be made in a permanent log book. The outgoing andincoming records should be reconciled immediatel
34、y and anydiscrepancies investigated immediately, so that missingsamples can be found before their exposure period exceeds themaximum permissible 32 days.10. Procedure10.1 The procedures are described below in terms of asingle sample, but normally many samples will be analyzedsimultaneously using mul
35、tiple evaporating dishes, filters, etc.10.2 Insoluble Matter:10.2.1 Prepare an evaporating dish by washing, drying andmarking it with an identification number.10.2.2 Place a folded filter paper in the prepared dish anddry it for at least1hintheoven. Cool it in the desiccator, thenweigh the filter in
36、 the dish to the nearest 0.1 mg. Record theweight as the tare weight for insoluble matter.10.2.3 Seat the filter paper (10.2.2) in the Buchner funnel bywetting it with a small amount of reagent water. Place thefunnel on the filter flask. If the container to be analyzed is dryor has less than 200 mL
37、of water in it, add enough reagentwater to it to bring the volume of liquid up to about 200 mL.Swirl the water around to entrain the settled particulate matter.Use a clean flexible spatula rinsed with reagent water to swabdown the walls of the container and ensure that all theparticulate matter is f
38、reed from the walls and bottom of thecontainer. Pour the liquid and entrained particulate matter intothe filter funnel through the No. 18 sieve. The filtrate collectedin the flask will be used later for determination of solublematter.10.2.4 Measure and record the volume of the filtrate in thegraduat
39、ed cylinder and retain it for determination of the solublematerial. Rinse the container with approximately 100 mL ofreagent water and transfer any solid material remaining in thecontainer to the filter through the sieve, using the flexiblespatula if necessary. Discard the filtrate from the rinsing a
40、ndany material retained by the sieve.10.2.5 Remove the filter paper with the insoluble materialfrom the filter funnel, place it in the tared dish and put them inthe oven for at least 90 min. Cool them in a desiccator for atleast 1 h. Weigh the dried dish and filter with insoluble materialto within 0
41、.1 mg. Repeat the drying procedure until a constantmass is obtained.10.2.6 Calculate the weight of insoluble particulate matterby deducting the tare weight of the filter and dish from theweight found in 10.2.5.10.3 Total Soluble Matter:10.3.1 Prepare an evaporating dish as in 10.2.1.10.3.2 Put all,
42、or a measured 500 mL, whichever is less, ofthe filtrate from 10.2.4 into a 1000 mL beaker. Concentrate thesolution slowly to approximately 50 mL on a hot plate byboiling away water. If the total filtrate volume was less than500 mL, make note of this fact.10.3.3 Dry the prepared evaporating dish in t
43、he oven andcool it in the desiccator. Weigh it and record the weight to thenearest 0.1 mg as the tare weight.10.3.4 Quantitatively transfer the concentrated filtrate from10.3.1 to the tared dish and continue the evaporation veryslowly on a hot-plate to dryness. Dry the dish and contents inthe oven f
44、or 2 h, and cool in the desiccator for at least 1 h.Weigh the evaporating dish and contents and record the mass tothe nearest 0.1 mg. Repeat the drying and cooling until aconstant mass is obtained.10.3.5 Calculate the net mass of the material dissolved inthe solution taken in 10.3.1 by subtracting t
45、he tare mass fromthe mass determined in 10.3.3. If the whole volume of thefiltrate was not taken in 10.3.1, normalize the net mass to thewhole volume. Report the resultant figure as soluble particulatematter.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate a deposition rate, D, in grams/squaremetre/30 day period, g/(m
46、2 30 d), for the two masses ofmaterial obtained in Section 10:D5W/Ag/m2/30!where:A = collection area, the cross sectional area of the insidediameter of the top of the container, m2, andW = masses determined in 10.2 and 10.3, normalized ifnecessary to a 30 day period, g.12. Precision and Bias (2, 3,
47、7)12.1 An investigation into the precision of this test method(a similar method now being withdrawn) was made as part ofan interlaboratory study of air pollution monitoring methodsD 1739 98 (2004)3called Project Threshold in 1968. The test method as thendefined was not exactly the one described in t
48、his standard. Thecontainer was not equipped with the aerodynamic shielddefined now, and the height for the container was much lessloosely defined. In addition, the acceptance criteria for siteswere not as stringent as in this standard; roof-top locationswere acceptable. Meetham (6) reports a strong
49、variation in theamount of sample collected in containers at the same siteseparated by vertical height. The results from Project Thresh-old are presented in 12.1.2 through 12.1.7 and more informa-tion is available with respect to the precision to be expected insampling with different types of containers in Ref 6.12.1.1 ReproducibilityThe standard deviation for varia-tions among single dustfall measurements by different labora-tories is 1.46 g/(m2 30 d) and is associated with a meandustfall of 6.45 g/(m2 30 d). Measurements at three dustfallrates over the range of 3.
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